LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Cliap. , Copyright No 

Shelf„Xn--& 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



BOYS AND GIELS 



OF THE 



PHILIPPINES 



AND 



AROUND THE WORLD 



BY 

STELLA W. vCARROLL a^d HAERIET L. JEEOME 




THE MORSE COMPANY 

NEW YORK BOSTON 

1899 







42731 



Copyright, 1899, by 
THE MORSE COMPANY 



All rights reserved 
TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 







ALASKA. 

MEXICO. 

NORWAY. 

SWEDEN. 

CUBA. 

PORTO RICO. 

PHILIPPINES, 

HAWAII. 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/boysgirlsofphiliOOtolm 




STATUE OF WILLIAM TELL. 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



ALASKA. 








.jKaA ilul'^L. 



TiPoocHAc lives in this house. Do you see Mm stand- 
ing beside Ms father with the dogs on the door-step ? Is 
there a brick chimney on their house like the one on your 
house ? 

•No, there is only a smoke-hole in the middle of the 
roof, with boards standing up around it. Tipoochac's 



10 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



father is A^eiy tired, because lie has been on a long journey, 
carrying heavy tools over the mountains for white men. 
Why have so many white men gone to Alaska ? What 




TIPOOCHAC S FATHEU AND MOTHEK. 



place beyond Alaska are they trying to reach, and would 
you like to go there ? 

Tipoochac's name means " a white fish." There are 
people in Alaska from almost every country, but the native 
people of Alaska are all either Indians or Eskimos. What 
does ^' native " mean ? 



ALASKA. 11 

Tipoocliac's father and motlier are Indians, but do not 
live in tents like the Indians in tlie other parts of our 
country. They do not ride fast ponies as some Indians 
do, but they go about in canoes, for their homes are always 
near the water. They build large, strong houses and two 
or three families live in each house. 

Here are Tipoochac's father and mother. See the queer, 
long ear-rings his father has in his ears. Each ring has a 
seal's tooth hanging from it to bring luck. 

The blanket he is wearing cost a dollar and a half. If 
you should ask him how much his ear-rings are worth, he 
would say, "Four blankets." That means four times a 
dollar and a half. 

He wdll tell you the price of everything in blankets. 
His w^ife's cape is made of a better red and yellow blan- 
ket. She will say that her cape cost two blankets. That 
means two blankets worth a dollar and a half each. For 
the silk handkerchiefs they are wearing they paid half a 
blanket's worth of fish. How much would that be in our 
money ? 

Tipoochac and his brother and their father bathe in the 
sea every day. How w^ould you like a bath in the cold 
sea water in the winter ? 

After they come out of the ocean they sometimes have 
to beat each other with twigs to get warm again. It 
makes them very strong to bathe in the cold salt water. 
Their mother tells them that it will help them to be brave 
chiefs when they are men. Tipoochac would like to be a 
great chief. Come with Tipoochac and he will show you 



13 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Ms grandfather's home. You must be ready to climb into 
the house, for the door is small and high. But who is 
sick'^ It is his grandfather, and he has been ill a long 
time. And you ask me if he has had a doctor ? Yes, the 
doctor is here now with the sick man. 

Perhaps you have never seen a doctor dressed just as 




TIPOOCHAC S GRANDFATHER AND THE DOCTOR. 



this one is. He is a sorcerer ; if you do not know what 
that long word means, ask some one to tell you. He gives 
Tipoochac's grandfather no medicine, but tells him he 
will soon be well. 

Is this the only room in this house ? Yes ; one part of 
it is used for bedrooms, another part for a j^antry, and an- 



ALASKA. 



13 



otlier for a kitchen. In tlie 
middle of the room there are 
no boards on the ground. 
This bare ground is covered 
with stones, and is used as a 
fireplace. Tipoochac's grand- 
mother cooks here. She mixes 
flour and water and makes 
cakes. She fries the cakes in 
salmon oil. 

Tipoochac brings her the oil 
in a horn spoon. He gets it 
from the carved chest which 
his grandfather made. 

Every dish is made of wood, 
and is handsomely carved. 

rm A DISH. 

i he spoons 

are made from the horns of mountain 
goats. They are carved or painted. 
Would you like to use one of their 
long queer berry spoons ? They eat 
huckleberries, and gooseberries, and 
cranberries, and salmonberries, and 
strawberries, with them. This dish is 
made of wood and has shells inlaid or 
set into the edg-e. 

o 

Do you think Tipoochac's grand- 
mother can cook anything over the fire 
in wooden dishes ? No, the fire would 





14 



AROUXD THE ^YORLD. 



burn tlie dishes. She heats stones very hot, then she drops 
them into the soup that she wishes to 
cook, and that makes the sonp boil. 
The dish is as large as a washbowl and 
is very heavy. The spoon is made of 
a D'oat's horn, and has a lone carved 
handle. The handles of some dishes 
are carved to look like men's heads. 

Do you have such odd dishes at 
your home, and does your father carve 
out of wood the dishes that you use ? 

Tipoochac is still a little boy, but 
he has learned to carve. He would 
like a sharjD knife like yours. His 
father made him a knife Avith a iiint 
blade, with two eagles carved one 
above the other on the wooden handle. 
The blade is tied to the handle with a 
cord made of the roots of a spruce tree, 
split and twisted. 

Tipoochac can carve a dish out of a 
block of wood. AVhere will he find 
the wood i He can chop down a tree 
himself. Lono^ asfo, before the Alas- 
kans could trade with white men, they 
made their own axes. 

How would you make an ax if you 
AX AX. were away oif in the woods ? Here is 

a picture of an ax that the Alaskans made. The handle is 




ALASKA. 



15 



a strong piece of hard wood. How do you think they 
made it smooth ? They used a rough piece of shark's skin 
for sand-paper. 

The head of the ax is a piece of flint. What is the hard- 
est kind of stone, and where is it found? The flint is 
sharpened on each edge 
and hollowed across the 
sides by chijDping it with 
another piece of flint. 
Do you think it would 
be easy to sharpen a stone 



m 



this 



w 



ay 



The head of the ax is 
tied to the handle with 
a strong cord. The cord 
is made of spruce roots 
which have been split 
and twisted together. 
Could you chop down a 
tree with this ax ? If 
you made an ax of stone 
and wood how would 
you fasten the head to 
the handle ? 

Here comes a chief 
dressed in his fine 
clothes. You could not 
buy them for hundreds 
of dollars. He is going 




AN ALASKAN CHIEF. 



16 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



to a feast and lias on his best suit, 
wliicli is trimmed witli furs and shells, 
and the beaks of many birds. 

See the rattle or clapper made of 
wood, that he has in his hand. The 
chief will shake it when he dances at 
the gi'eat feast. Why is the rattle 
carved in this way ? 

The chief is very proud of the copper 
ring he has in his nose. The crown on 
his head is made of wood, and must be 
heavy. The carvings on the crown tell 
what a great man he is and to which 
party or totem he belongs. 

Walrus whiskers stand up around 
the top of his crown, and inside of 
this little fence of whiskers there is 
eider down. The down will fall out 
and look like 

a snowstorm when the chief 

dances. Ermine skins are hung 

from the back of his crown. Do 

you know how much ermine 

fur costs ? 

The chief's coat is made of 

cloth which his grandmother 

wove long ago. The threads 

which run up and down are 

made of cedar bark. The bark 




chief's crown. 




CHIEF S COAT. 



ALASKA. 



17 




is scraped from a tree and soaked 
in water many days and then it is 
beaten into fibei^s with a mallet 
made from the bone of a deer. 

An Indian woman twists these 
fibers into a fine thread by rubbing 
them between her hands. The threads which go across are 
made from the wool of goats. The wool is colored yellow 

and black and brown. 

The threads are woven in 
and out very much as we 
^ ^^^^^^T- weave patterns in the kin- 

dergarten. The figures on the chief's coat and blanket also 





CHIEF'S BLANKET. 



show to which totem he belongs. How many faces can 
you see on his coat ? How many pairs of eyes can you see 



18 



AROUND THE WORLD. 






on his blanket ? The fringe is also made of the soft silky 
wool of the goat. How would your father like to wear 
such a blanket for an overcoat ? A blanket like this one 
is worth forty dollars. 

The chief's leggings are made of deerskin, and are trimmed 
with fringes. Birds' beaks are fastened to these fringes, 
and when the chief dances the beaks rattle. 

The chief lives in this house with his great family. 




EXTERIOR OF CHIEF'S HOUSE. 



ALASKA. 19 

Why are those tall carved poles in front of each house ? 
They are totem poles, and are put up to show who lives in 
the house. Each Indian must marry a woman who belongs 
to another totem, so there are always two totems in a 
family. The children belong to their mother's totem. 

This pole is in front of the chiefs house. The chief be- 
longs to the bear totem. Do you see the bear at the top 




INTERIOR OF CHIEF S HOUSE. 



of the column ? The chiefs wife and children belong to 
the beaver totem, so there is a beaver sitting at the bottom 
of the pole. This pole is placed near the doorway of the 
house. Would you like to go inside ? Here is a picture 
of what you would see. 

The chief would never kill a bear, because he belongs to 
the bear totem. He thinks all bears are his friends and so 



20 



AEOUND THE WORLD. 




TOTEM POLES. 



he is kind to tliem. His wife 
tells her children that they 
must never kill a beaver, for 
they belong to the beaver 
totem. 

She says all beavers be- 
long to their family. When 
the chief goes fishing he has 
pictures of the bear painted 
on his boat, and 
the bear's picture 
is carved on the 
paddles and wood- 
en fishhooks. 

The chief thinks 
this will please the 
bear, so that its 
spirit will help him 



catch fish. His wife has the beaver painted or 
carved on everything she uses. Even the paint 
brushes will have totems carved on their handles. 

Above the beaver on the totem pole is a carving 
of the bear eating the hunter who came to steal 
the bear's wife. Above that is the Great Raven 
who stole the new moon and carried it away in 
his beak. 

The Indians think the Great Raven made the 
first people who lived on the earth. Some day 
we will read the stories they tell about him. 







^r 






22 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



TOTEM POLE. 



When an Indian goes to a strange village lie 
looks at tlie totem poles until he finds where a 
man lives who belongs to his totem. This man 
must take care of the stranger and make a 
dance for him. 

Tipoochac's father owns a large canoe. It is 
made of a great log which came from the woods. 
Have you ever been in a canoe, aiid was it 
all made in one piece ? I do not think you 
ever saw one that would hold fourteen 
men. 

These are family or war canoes, and are 
too large to use in hunting or fishing. 
Tipoochac does not always live in the vil- 
lage. His father takes his family to the 
fishing grounds or to his hunting lodge to 
live a part of the year. His canoe is large 
enough for his family, and the men who 
work for him, and all that they wish to 
carry with them. 

When Tipoochac's grandfather made 
the canoe he had only tools made of bone 
and flint. Would you like to see him 
make one of these large canoes ? 

First he finds a fine great cedar tree as large 
around as a tub and very straight. He cuts it 
down partly with his ax and partly by burning 
the trunk near the ground. He watches his fire 
and does not let it burn the outside of the tree. 



ALASKA. 23 

He fells tlie tree Into the water if lie can, so that 
he can float it home. 

When winter comes he will make a canoe out of 
it. He will cut a log fifteen feet long from the 
tree and will then raise it from the ground on some 
sticks. The bark will be peeled off and a slow 
fire made on top of the log. Tipoochac and his 
grandfather will watch the fire. He will burn it 
just where he wishes to hollow out the log. Then 
he will chip away the charred wood with a horn 
chisel and a stone mallet. 

They will burn the outside until it is of 
nearly the right shape. Then the charred wood 
will be chipped away from this side, and Tipoo- 
chac will fill the canoe with water. He will then 
build a fire and heat stones red hot, and his grandfather 
will drop the ]'ed-hot stones into the water until it boils. 
The boiling water makes the wood as soft as leather. 
Then his grandfather will put in poles to stretch 
the canoe wider and he will make it pointed at 
the ends. 

When it is of the right shape the canoe will 
be sand-papered with shark skin. It will be dried 
and oiled with fish oil, and painted. The out- 
side will be black and the inside white. It will 
have a red stripe painted all around it. Tipoo- 
chac's grandfather could make canoes much easier 
with steel tools, but he thinks it would bring bad 
luck to the canoe if he used white men's tools. 




24 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



So lie makes Ms own ax and 
hammer and cMsel out of bone and 
stone. The canoe will be as fine 
as any in the world. A man can 
go fifty miles out to sea in this 
canoe. Some of the finest steam- 
ships in New York harbor have 
been copied from Alaskan canoes. 

This Indian lives in another part 
of Alaska. He wears very little 
clothing in summer. He spears 
fish while his wife paddles the 
canoe. His canoe is made of strips 
of tough wood covered with deer 
skins. 

This Indian is making a larger 
canoe. He will sew the skins to- 
gether, with cords made of cedar 
bark. First he will make holes 
with awls made of 
fish bone ; then he 
will sew the skins 
together. He will 
fill the holes that 
the awl makes, 
with pitch. 
^N AX. jje makes his 

canoe small and light, so that he can carry 
it around water-falls on his head. 





ALASKA. 



25 




ALASKAK INDIAlf YTT.T.AGE. 



Tipoochac's fatlier has a small canoe. He will take 
very good care of botli of his canoes. He will cover them 
with blankets when he 
leaves them on the shore, 
as you would cover a fine 
horse on a cold day. 

In the hunt in 2: season 
Tipoochac will go with his 
father to their lodsre in the 
woods. Many deer will 
be shot with their arrows, 
and many fish in the bay 
will be cauo:ht. Thev will 
kill black bears, for they 
like the tender bear meat. 
2 




HUNTING LODGE. 



^6 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



They are afraid of the great brown bear. If they see 
his tracks they will shout pleasant things about 
him. They think this will keep the bear from 
being angry ; what do you think ? If the chief 
was hunting would he kill a bear ? Why not ? 

Here is an Alaskan bow and arrow. Did you 
ever see a real Indian arrow, and of what was 



the arrow-head made ? How were all the little 
feathers on the other end of the arrow put in? 
A deer can SAvim a long- distance. Sometimes 

Tipoochac's 

father sees a herd 
of deer coming 
to drink in the 
lake. Tipoochac 
and the dogs 
drive the deer 
into the water, 
and then get on 
his back and kill 
him. 

When no deer 
come the men 

call them with a whistle. The deer whistle 
makes a little crying noise like a deer calling its 
mate. They make the whistle by blowing on a 
blade of grass held between two stri23S of wood. 




KILLING DEEK. 



ALASKA. 



27 



Can you whistle on a blade of grass which you hold be- 
tween your hands ? When Tipoochac's grandfather blows 
on the grass the deer think another deer is calling them. 
Tipoochac likes deer meat, or venison. 

His father will sell the deer skin to the white men, but 
he will save the horns and 
bones until next winter. He 
will make s23oons and tools 
and fish-hooks of them. 

Sitka is a queer little city, 
many miles away. Native 
Indians live in one part of 
it, while white men from 
many countries live in the 
other part. There is a wall 
between the two parts of the 
city. 

At nine o'clock every 
morning a gate in the wall 
is opened. Indian women 
and chiklren come throuc^h 
the gate into the white men's 
part of the town. They 
bring berries aud fish and carvings and bead work to sell. 

When they have sold them the women buy bright cali- 
coes at the stores. 

The Indian men are away hunting or fishing many weeks. 
When they are at home they come into the white men's 
part of the town. Just before three o'clock a guard goes 




TOTEM POLES. 



28 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




INDIAN WOMEN. 



tlirougli all tlie crooked little streets and sends tlie Indians 
out of tlie gates. After tliey have gone out the gate is 
locked. There is a guard house near the gate. From 
this guard house officers watch over the Indian part of the 
town day and night. 

Would you like some berries for dinner, and if so, what 

kind of berries will you have ? 
There are raspberries, and straw- 
berries and currants and huckle- 
berries in the pails. 

One woman has a large box 
made of bearskin, in which are 
thimbleberries. Another wo- 
man has cranberries in a basket 
which she made. It is made of 
roots and grass which 




BASKET WEAVING. 



spruce 



30 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



are colored yellow and black and brown. This is tlie way 
in whicli it is made. 

Some of these baskets will hold water. If the women 
do not sell all their berries they will take them home and 
bury them. That will keep them for winter. 

INDIAN MYTHS. 



Kit-Elswa, a boy who lives in Alaska, made these 
pictures. This is a picture of a whale killer. 

The Alaskans think the whale killer lives in the ocean 
and has a head like a raven, with many beaks, and a tail 
like a man's head. They tell the children that he can 
change his form, but they think that there is always a man 
living in him. 

One day long ago, they say, some boys threw stones 
at what they .> thousfht to be a 

great black fish. M ■ ''n^^Rn The iish was 

frightened and jH H| '"'^^^i swam to the shore. 

When the boys |p| [pj vg ran to see it, they 




SKANA, THE WHALE KILLER, AS DRAWN BY A YOUNG ALASKAN INDIAN. 



ALASKA. 



31 



found not a iisli, but a man in a 
bark canoe. 

The man was cooking some food. 
" You broke my canoe witli stones," 
lie said, ^' so you must mend it." 

The boys took some small roots 
and mended it. " Now turn your 
backs to the water and put your 
blankets over your heads," said the 
man. The boys did as they were 
told, and soon the man called, ^' Now 
look ! " They looked and saw the 
canoe rising on the first breakers. 
Then it became the whale killer, with 
its raven's head and its tail that 
looked like a man's head. 

This raven used to go to the bot- 
tom of the sea and steal the bait from 
the fishermen's hooks. At last a 
fisherman cauo^ht the raven with a 





magic 
hook. 

The fisherman took the ra- 
ven ashore, but he turned 
himself into a man. His 
wings became a blanket, and 
he hid his face in it. 

At last when he was peep- 
ing out a young man threw 




32 AROUND THE WORLD. 

something into his eyes. This made him very angry, and 
he dropped the blanket and flew away. Ever since that 

time the ravens and the crows have 
troubled the Indians in every way 
possible. 

One day the moon saw a man dip 
his bucket into a brook for water. 
The moon sent down its long rays 
and drew the man up to the sky. 

The man tried to save himself by 
grasping a bush, but the moon was 
so strong that it drew up the man, bucket, bush, and all. 

He has lived in the moon ever since. Whenever it 
rains it is because this man is emptying his bucket. 

NETS. 

Nownak and her sister are catching salmon. They have 
a long net tied to a pole. Be 
careful, Nownak, or the salmon 
will get away. He is large and 
strong and can swim very fast. 

There are many salmon in the 
river. Nownak's mother has an 
iron kettle, which she bought of 
white men, in which she cooks 
the salmon. 

All the oil will rise to the top 
of the water. When it cools she will save the oil to be 
used in winter. 




ALASKA. 33 

Slie will smoke some of tlie salmon and dry tliem for 
winter. Tlie Eskimos eat the dried fisli Avlien it kas been 
dipped in iisk oil. 

Did you ever taste of iisk oil ? Nownak likes cod-liver 
oil and salmon oil and seal oil as well as you like butter. 
Sometimes ske eats broiled duck or tke eggs of wild geese 
and birds dipped in oil. 

Salmon live in tke ocean in winter, but tkey come up tke 
river every summer, 
to lay tkeir eggs, or 
spawn. Baby salmon 
are hatcked from tke 
spawn. Wken tkey 
are grown tke baby 
iisk go to live in tke 
ocean. 

Wken tke salmon 
come to a waterfall 
tkey spring up over it. 
Tkey often jump up kigker tkan tke top of your sckool- 
room. 

The salmon in Alaska die after tkey kave spawned, and 
tke bears feed on them. The Alaskan fishermen try to 
catch the salmon when they first leave tke sea. 

They spread great nets near the mouths of the rivers. 
This net is more than two yards wide and ten rods 
long. At tke top of tke net tkere are blocks of wood 
tkat will fioat. At tke bottom are keavy stones tied into 
wooden koops to keep tke bottom of tke net down. 




34 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 



The net is stretched between two canoes. When the 
nets are full, the canoes are paddled slowly toward the 




FISHING NET. 



shore. Many men help drag the net to the shore. 

They do not like to catch salmon with a hook. Some- 
times a part of the river is so full of salmon that you can 
scarcely see the water. What is the largest river 
in the world, and where is it ? 

The mouth of the Yukon river is twenty miles 
wide. The Indians can catch more salmon than 
white men. They sell their fish at a factory a 
few miles aw^ay. Did you ever eat canned 
salmon? Chinamen are brought from San 
Francisco to work in the fac- 
tories. 

In some rivers where a net 
cannot be used, the Indians spear 
the hsh. They fasten a spear- 
head to a long stick, and spear 
the fish very fast. 

AH spear-heads were once 




ALASKA. 



35 




made of bone. Noav the Indians use strong steel fishhooks 
made in New England. 

An Indian always carries a salmon club. Two or three 
large salmon might tip his light canoe over 
if they were put into it alive. Before taking 
a salmon into his canoe the Indian strikes it 
on the head with a club. 

He has a different club for every kind of 
fish and for every kind of animal that he kills. 
He thinks it would bring him bad luck to 
use the wrong club. 

Kagoorack is an Eskimo. In the summer the Eskimos 
go with their families to fish on the island's. 

Some of the halibut that they catch weigh a hundred 
pounds each. 

Some of their fishhooks are very odd and clumsy. 
They are made of bone and wood and 
are tied together with cedar bark. 

Indians can catch more fish with 
these clumsy hooks than our people 
can with their steel hooks. Kagoo- 
rack ties his bait over the point of 
the hook. 

Halibut live near the bottom of 
the sea. Kagoorack uses a large 
stone to sink his line. He fastens 
the line about the stone with a slip loop. 

A wooden duck is tied to the line between the stone and 
the hook. The wood will keep the hook off the bottom. 







36 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




When Kagoorack has caught a fish he can pull the 
loop out and draw up his fish without the stone. He will 
kill the kalibut with his halibut club before he takes it 
into his canoe. 

Sometimes Kagoorack fishes for codfish. 
He uses very queer hooks. They are 
whittled from knots of hemlock, and bent 
together after they are steamed. Kagoo- 
rack keeps the ends of the hooks tied to- 
gether. 

When he wishes to use one he unties it 
and puts a little peg between the ends. When a fish 
nibbles the bait it will knock out the peg, and the hook 
will spring together and catch it. The peg will come 
floating to the top of the water to tell Kagoorack that he 
has caught a fish. 

Kagoorack often ties a hundred of these spring hooks to 
one line. He drops a stone sinker and a 
wooden bird floats at each end of the line. 

When seventy -five or eighty pegs have 
come to the top of the water he draws up 
his line. But he does not always draw up 
as many fish. 

If a shark passes by, Kagoorack finds 
many of his codfish eaten all but the head. 
Don't you think the shark must like to find 
a whole line of fish caught where he can 
easily ? 

When Kagoorack catches redfish he uses 




eat them so 



two hooks. 



ALASKA 



37 




They are fastened at each end of a strong twig. Do you 
see the twine he uses to tie the bait to the hook ? He 




always keeps his bait string wound neatly around each 
fishhook w^hen it is not in use. 



38 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Sometimes a cliief calls liis people to a great feast. His 
helper is dressed in a bearskin to look like a real bear. 

Tkey will give an entertainment^ and the cliief and his 
helper will act out the stories that the chief tells. They 
will wear different masks and clothes for each story. 

The people will sit in front of the stage and listen. 




THE CHIEF AND HIS HELPER 



The chief will go behind a small curtain made of blankets 
to change his costume. 

When the people like the story they Avill grunt, and 
when they think it is funny they will laugh and shout. 
Many of the chief's stories will be about bears, and some 
of them will be told to make fun of wliite men. 

Sometimes the white men have stolen from the Indians, 



ALASKA, 



39 




but other wnite men are doing many kind things for tliem. 
The people like to hear the chief tell about these things. 

The people are dressed in their best clothes, for after the 
chief has told his stories there will be a 
dance. Many of the people have queer 
rattles. 

One looks like an Indian's head and has 
real shells for teeth. Another looks like a 
bird with two heads. Another is a judge 
with his right hand raised, to make fnn of 
some white man. 

Perhaps one will be a whale. The dance is 
begun slowly, then it grows faster and the 
dancers shake their rattles. 

Their bodies sway back and forth and from side to 
side. They do not move their feet very much. 

Some of the dancers have whistles much 
like those you buy for a penny. They are 
made of bladders tied to the end of a whistle. 
The Indian blows up the bladder and when 
the air comes out the whistle shrieks. 

One of the Indians has a great drum 
made of sheepskin which is stretched over a 
wooden frame or hoop. The Indian beats it 
with sticks covered with bird skin. 

Some one will have trumpets made of 
horn. They dance until the chief blows a 
whistle. 

This whistle is called the bad spirit of 




40 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




the mountains. Whenever it is blown there will be a 
potlatch. At a potlatch every guest receives a gift. 

The potlatch is like your Christmas parties. The gifts 
are very different from your Christmas gifts. 

The wealthy Indians each have three or four 
blankets given to them. Others receive chests 
of oil, mirrors, skins, furs, guns, or canoes. The 
poorer Indians receive a spoon or a S23ear-head. 

Don't you think you would like to go to a 
potlatch? Every chief must give one once in a 
while, or people will not think hiin a great man. 
At one of these potlatches the chiefs son is 
made a chief. Then he is a man and not a 
boy. He must show it by drinking a great spoonful of 
fish oil without stopping. 

The handle of the spoon is carved to look like a fish. 
The spoon holds a quart of fish oil. 

Did you ever see a spoon that would hold a quart? 
How old will you be 
before you will be 
called a man or a 
woman ? 

Tipoochac and 
Nownac and Kagoo- 
rack all live with their people on the southern coast of 
Alaska. They are all Alaskan Indians. 

They live in hunting lodges or fishing camps away from 
the ocean a little while each year. But their real homes 
are in villao-es on the coast. 




ALASKA. 



41 



Marchan is a little Eskimo girl with a dark skin and 
black hair and eyes. She lives in the northern part of 
Alaska, where it is very cold even in summer. All the Es- 
kimos' names have meanings, and Marchan's name means 
a sweet root. Where she lives the sun shines all the 
time in midsummer. 

In midwinter there is no sun for a few weeks. Would 




A FAMILY OF ALASKAN INDIANS. 



you like to live where the sun shines every minute for six 
or seven weeks? If you had no clock how would you 
know when to go to bed ? 

Marchan could tell you. Of what are Marchan's clothes 
made ? What kind of shoes do her people wear ? 

Long ago the Eskimos always dressed in costly furs. 
Now they sell the best furs to the white men. 

3 



42 AROUND THE WORLD. 

Have you read of Eskimos who build their homes of 
blocks of ice ? They use ice because no trees grow where 
they like to live. No trees grow in the northern part of 
Alaska, because it is so cold. 

Some houses are covered with sods. Other houses are 
made of logs and planks; where does the wood come 
from ? The ocean brings plenty of wood to these Eskimos 
and throws it upon their shores, and they build their 
houses of the driftwood and cover them with sods. This 
makes their villages look like a group of many little 
hills. 

But in each hill you will find a door. Climb into the 
door and you will find yourself in a long entry. There 
are little cupboards dug into the earth on each side of the 
entry. 

This little girl keeps her playthings in one of these cup- 
boards. She has a bow and an arrow and a small spear, 
and many queer things that have been washed ashore 
from wrecked vessels. 

Marchan likes to play football, and all the little girls in 
her village play with her. They use a ball made of snow. 
One girl will kick it into the air and another girl Avill kick 
it up again before it touches the ground. Each girl tries 
to run where she can kick it as it comes down. 

Sometimes they draw a line on the ice and play on sides. 
If the snowball touches the ground on Marchan's side of 
the line her party is beaten. When it touches the ground 
on the other side Marchan will laugh and shout. 

Very often the girls keep the ball from touching the 



ALASKA. 43 

ground for a whole liour by kicking it. Do you tkink you 
could do that ? 

When they are tired of football they play blindman's 
buif. They draw a circle on the ice, and no one can go 
outside that circle. They tie a strip of leather over some 
one's eyes. Then they play blindman's buff just as you 
do, and when they are tired of that they toss balls in the 
air. Marchan can keep three balls in the air at once. 




MARCHAN S HOME. 



Come into Marchan's home. You will have to climb 
through a small, high door as if you were climbing into 
a window. 

Marchan takes off nearly all her clothes because she 
feels very warm in the house. You and 1 would think it 
very cold. The Eskimos eat raw fat meat and drink all 
kinds of oil. That makes them very warm, so that they 
do not feel the cold. 

Two families live in Marchan's home. The bed is a 



44 AROUND THE WORLD. 

long bencli wliicli slopes down toward the wall. They 
all sleep on this bed, between deer skin blankets. 

Her people have no glass to put into their windows, but 
they stretch thin skins over a frame. This will let in 
some light. 

In winter, when it is dark, Marchan's mother keeps 
the lamp burning brightly all day. Her lamp is made of 
soapstone ; do you see it ? It is more than half a yard 
long, and along the front edge she fastens a wick made of 
moss. 

The middle of the soapstone block is hollowed out like 
a bowl, and it is filled with seal or whale oil. These lamps 
burn brightly and make very little smoke. 

Sometimes Marchan trims the wick with a little stick. 
Her mother hangs a lump of fat above the flame, and as 
the fat melts it will drop into the lamp and keep it full. 

There is a rack like a small ladder near the lamp, where 
Marchan^s father hangs his mittens or boots to dry. The 
other family that lives with Marchan's people have a rack 
and a lamp too. 

There is another flat rack near the lamps, on which fresh 
snow is kept. A wooden tub stands under the rack, and 
as the snow melts, water drops into the tub, and they drink 
this water. 

Everything is kept very clean in this home. The 
wooden trays and dishes are rubbed with snow and the 
horn spoons are kept bright. Even the floors are scrubbed 
with dry shark skin, and the men must brush their clothes 
before they come in. 



ALASKA. 



45 



Marclian's motlier cooks tlieir food ia a 
small dark room dug in the earth, and this 
room lias a kole in tlie roof for the smoke. 

Back of tke kouse there is a hiD:k staQ:e. 
They put their furs and skins on top of 
this stage, where the dogs cannot get them. 
The dogs are always hungry and will eat 
skins. Marchan goes out and picks up the 
small pieces of drift-wood for her mother's 
fire. 

Sometimes she finds that the ocean has 
brought up a large tree that has come from 
some forest in California or Oregon. Her 
father will be very glad to get it, and his 
dogs will help him draw the log home. 

Sometimes when Marchan's father is far 
away from home he builds a snow house to 
live in for a few weeks; but he builds 
this house square, and not like the Eskimo 
huts in Iceland. 

In the snow house he makes a square 
fireplace. It is built of blocks of ice stand- 
ing on edge, and across the top there is a 
stick on which he hauo-s his kettle. He 
does not build a very hot fire. It is so 
very cold outside that his ice stove will not 
melt very much. 

In summer Marchan cannot live in the 
frame house covered with sods, for when 



W 



TOTEM POLE. 



46 AROUND THE WORLD. 

the snow begins to tliaw, the water runs into her house. 
Then her father will put up a tent near the winter 
home. Long ago the Alaskans covered their tents with 
deerskins or bearskins. 

Step into my boat and we will go fishing. You may 
take the spearing fork. We must keep a fire blazing. 

When a salmon comes up to the light, spear him quickly. 
If he tries to get away I will take the net and help you. 



MEXICO. 

I HAVE three brothers aucl four sisters. We live with 
our father and mother iu the city of Chihuahua. 

The houses are all built close to one another in our city. 
This makes a wall of houses on each side of the street. 




CHIHtrAHUA. 



Each house is built around a square garden full of beau- 
tiful flowers. You can smell the flowers as you come 
up the street. You can hear the parrots laughing and 
talking. There are parrots and birds in nearly every 
garden. 



48 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Come, we will go into our house. The door is so large 
that my father could drive into it. In the large door is a 
smaller one that we can use. 

Come up on the roof and you can see the whole city. 
Do you see any cottages ? The walls are built around the 

edges of the roof because we 
often sleep on our roofs when 
it is very Avarm. 

Our bed is made of poles 
tied together with rope. If we 
are cold in the night, father 
spreads his serape over us. 

A serape is a woolen scarf 
which he wears over his shoul- 
ders. Sometimes he ties it 
around his waist. 

The girls sleep with mother, 
and they creep under her 
reboza. Yes, her reboza is that 
thin shawl which she wears 
over her head and shoulders. 
She is watching for a water- 
carrier to bring water for our 
breakfast. 
We do not have to dress in the morning, for we do not 
undress at night. Here comes a water-carrier with water 
from the best fountain in the city. 

Mother has covered her face so that he can see only her 
eyes. The man fills all her jugs with w^ater, and she pays 




PAUSTO S FATHER. 



MEXICO. 



49 



him for it. He goes along tlie street calling " Water ! 
water ! " 

Tlie poor women who have no money are going to the 
fountain in the street for water. They kneel on the stone 
curbing and dip their jugs into the fountain. Would 




■watepv-cahrieks at tue fountain. 



you like to drink water from an open fountain in a city 
street ? 

Each woman has a reboza over her head. When she 
meets a man she draws up one end of it and covers her 
face so that he can only see her great black eyes. 

Mother is making tortillas for us and we will have our 
breakfast. She grinds the Indian corn between two 



50 



AEOUND THE WORLD. 



stones, and mixes it with water and makes it into round 
cakes. 

Ske cooks tkem on a flat stone over the fire. Would 
you like to eat one of tkem ? 

You may have koney on it, or I will bring you some 




MAKING TORIILLAS. 



sugar wkick grew on my fatker's farm. We do not kave 
tin diskes. Our diskes are gourds, or jars made of clay 
and baked in tke sun. 

Did you ever see gourds growing ? Tkey will grow in 
almost any skape you wish. If you put a gourd tkat is 
growing into a bottle it will look like a bottle. 



MEXICO. 



51 



The day before Easter we play a game called hanging 
Judas. We dress in funny clothes, and then we make a 
rag doll stuft'ed with straw. We put firecrackers into the 
doll's toes and hang him on a line that is stretched across 




THE GAME OF HANGING JUDAS. 



the street. We light the fuse and push Judas out on the 
line. 

Bang ! go the firecrackers, and Judas is all ablaze. We 
laugh and dance about while he burns. 

Three days before Easter we have a carnival. Every 
boy and girl and man has a bag of flour. We throw the 
flour at each other and some of us become quite white. 
The women stay in their houses and lock the doors, and 
watch us from the roofs. 

On the last day we have a battle. The men and boys 
form two companies and fight each other with the flour. 



52 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



It flies so thick and fast that you cannot see across the 
street. 

When the boys in our company catch a boy from the 

other one they take him 
to the river and duck 
him. The boy only 
laughs, and as soon as he 
can get some dry clothes 
he joins the game again. 

Mexican boys do not 

wear much clothing. In 

our city they wear shirts 

cotton pants. Where it is warmer people 

a strip of cloth tied around the waist. Many 

' wear shoes. They wear 




CHRISTMAS BELLS. 



and 



white 
wear only 
boys never 
sandals tied on with strips of leather. 

These are the bells which have 
rung at Christmas for many, many 
years. 

I like the game of pinata best, 
which we play at Christmas time. 
Early Christmas morning mother 
makes a great paper ball. She fills it 
with candies and toys and hangs it 

from the ceiling. Then we give the baby a stick, and 
when her eyes are blind-folded she tries to hit the ball. 

Enrique is next older and he thinks he can break it. 
How hard he hits ! But he cannot see, so he only hits the 
air. I am the oldest and must wait till the last. Whack I 




THE PAPER BALL. 



MEXICO. 53 



goes tlie stick, and down on our heads tumble all the 
goodies. I have broken the paper ball, and Ave scramble 
for the toys and goodies ! We pick up pecans and pea- 
nuts and cocoanut snow-balls and toys. 

There is peanut candy, and molasses candy, and sugar- 




CHRISTMAS MORNING. 



cane broken in pieces. I like the great slices of fruit 
cooked in sugar called dulces. Perhaps you would call it 
candied fruit. 

Here comes a man who lives in a village twenty-five 
miles away. He has a crate on his back, full of Jars and 
jugs which he has made. There is a large mat rolled up 
on top of the crate, 



54 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



That is liis bed. He has walked twenty-five miles with 
this heavy load on his back. When the jars and jngs are 
sold he will walk back to his home. 

Almost every boy in Mexico has a burro, and I can 
borrow one for you in ^ve minutes. Can you throw a 
lasso ? You would learn to throw a lasso as soon as you 
learned to walk if you lived in Mexico. 




Little Enrique can lasso his dog. He borrows his 
mother's clothes-line and plays with it until he can throw 
it over a stick. When he can lasso the stick he tries to 
catch the dog. The dog runs and Enrique tries to throw 
the lasso around one of his legs. 

When he is a little older he will lasso the chickens and 
pigs and goats. We play with the lasso until we can catch 
any aDimal that runs while we are ridiug on our ponies. 



MEXICO. 



55 



Some burros can go very fast, but very often they stop 
and will not go another step. These burros are carrying 
great loads of wood. 

We will stop here, for this is a part of my father's 
hacienda. A hacienda is a large farm. 

You would have to ride twenty miles to drive around 
it. Would you like to go in and walk through the fields ? 




A MEXICAN HOME. 



We live in this fine house, with bells in the tower to 
call the people to work. The people who work on the 
farm live in odd little huts with thatched roofs. Many of 
our fences are made of cactuses in Mexico. Do you think 
any one could creep through these fences or climb over 
them ? These cactuses are set near together, and are cov- 
ered with needles that are long and sharp. 



56 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Father will let us eacli take a pony, and we will go 
over to a lake tliat is on Ms liacienda, and slioot wild 
ducks. 

My little cousin Juan will go witk us. He is only 
eigkt years old, but lie can ride very well, and no liorse can 

tlirow kim off. 

When we skoot a 
duck lie will gallop 
to where it has fallen 
and reach down from 
the saddle and pick 
it up. When a duck 
falls into the pond, 
his pony will swim 
out to it. 

My father would 
like to have us take 
dinner with him. He 
says that the coffee 
and sugar and meat 
and fruit and vege- 
tables on the table 
are all raised on his 
hacienda. 

We have corn bread 
and chicken, lamb, rice, bananas, oranges, pineapples, straw- 
berries and melons. Did you ever see coffee or sugar or 
oranges growing? Can farmers raise them where you live? 
Come and see the coffee grove. 




BRANCH OF COFFEE TREE. 



MEXICO. 



57 



Do you see tlie fragrant white blossoms and tlie ripe 
berries od tlie same tree ? 

Coffee berries are dark red wlien they are ripe. The 
tops of the trees were cut off when 
they were young, to make the 
branches spread. 

Here is a picture of a branch of 
my coffee tree. I pick the berries 
when they are ripe. I picked ^^ 
tw^enty-three pounds of berries from J|^^'l 
my tree last year. 

Sometimes I find wild orange or 
lemon or coffee trees growing in the 
forest, but I never find wild apple 
trees or wild cherry trees, as you do. 

Apples and pears will not grow 
in Mexico, for it is too warm. 

Coffee and oranges cannot grow 
w^here there are frosts. 

I will tell you how we spread 
them to dry. There is a high wall 
all around the place. The berries will be turned every 
day until they are brown. The w^all is higher than a 
man. 

We need high walls and good fences, for there are many 
thieves in Mexico. When the berries are dry we pound 
them with a mortar and pestle. That will break away 
the outer husk and leave the seeds. The seeds are the 
coffee beans. 

4 




OKANGES. 



58 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Now we will go through the orange grove. How sweet 

it smells, and how large the yellow oranges are! You 

may have as many as you can eat. 

I will pick you some orange blossoms, too. You will 

find these oranges better than those you buy at home. 

That is because 
the oranges 
must be picked 
when they are 
green, and left 
to ripen on 
their way 
north. The 
sunshine makes 
these oranges 
sweet. 

My father's 
tobacco field is 
back of the 
house. Did the 
Europeans 

teach the Mexicans to use tobacco? Which nation used 

tobacco first ? 

In the evening my grandfather will tell us stories of 

the great games the Mexicans played long, long ago. The 

one I like best was called the fiying game. They played 

it before Columbus discovered America. 

The young men cut down a tree and cut away all its 

branches. They made steps of rope. 




TOBACCO PLAKT. 



MEXICO. 



59 



A square frame was fastened to tlie top by ropes. 
Four other ropes were fastened to tlie corners of the frame 
and wound around the pole. When it was all ready, four 
men dressed to look like hawks or 
eagles in clothes made of feathers. 

They climbed up the rope stejDS 
and each one took one of the ropes 
and swung off. 

Another man whirled the square 
frame around. This unwound the 
ropes, and made the men fly around 
and around in larger and larger 
circles until they reached the ground. 

Only men who were strong could 
play this game. While the flyers 
were coming down, a man stood on 
to]3 of the pole and waved a flag 
and beat a drum. I should have 
liked to see the men, dressed as 
birds, play this game, wouldn't you ? 

These stone images are idols. Do you think a stone god 
could help you if you were in trouble ? The Mexicans 
were superstitious and worshiped this idol many years 
ago. 

They were afraid of the steam-engine when the railroads 
were first built. '' We do not want that ii'on horse to 
come rushing through our country," they said. 

But the engine came, with its train of cars. " We will 
stop it," they said, and they set their stone god between 




MEXICAN IDOL. 



60 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




the rails. " Our god will stoj) the trains/' said the Mexi- 
cans. "He will kill the iron horse." 

On came the train ! It struck the stone god and broke 
it into many pieces and went on. 

The poor people in Mexico had gods 
made of wood and clay. The rich people 
had gods made of silver and gold, for 
there are gold and silver mines in Mexico. 
They prayed to one for rain or sunshine, 
to another for health, and to another for 
riches. 

When they w^ent to war they sang a 
song to the war god. Do you know any 
war songs ? The Mexicans chanted this song from sunset 
to sunrise: 

Our war god is the greatest god ! 
No one, no one, is like unto him ! 
I sing his praises dressed in the dress of our ancestors. 
I shine ; I glitter. 
He is a terror to evil doers ; he alone destroyed our enemies and 

conquered them. 
When the Dart-hurler shouts aloud he terrifies all the 

people. 
Come with me all ye old men and strong men and 

little children, and gather yourselves together 

with me, against your enemies. 
Gather yourselves together with me ! 

Are your war songs like this one ? My 
father's father was a warrior. He carried 
a copper shield trimmed with feathers, and 




MEXICO. 



61 




WATER JUG. 



wore a mask over Ms face when lie went into 
battle. 

Do you think an Indian could slioot an arrow 
tlirough this copper shield ? Could a warrior cut 

through it with this sword ? 

This sword could be used 

like a hatchet. 

The Indians have very 

strong bows. Sometimes 
g they poisoned the feathers 

on their arrows, and their s^^^^- 

arrow-heads were made of stone. 
Would you have liked to be a Mexican warrior in those 
old days ? 

Come into our house, and I will show you a water-jug 
that is very old. I will put water into it and you may 
pour the water out of the man's mouth. We must be care- 
ful not to break it, for old Mexican Jugs and jars break 
easily. They are made of clay and are baked in the sun. 
The sun is very hot, but it is not hot enough to make 
them hard and strong. How are 
the jugs baked that you have at 
home ? Could you make clay jugs 
like these ? Long ago Mexicans 
wrote stories in pictures. Here is 
a vase with a picture story on it. 
Can you guess what the story is 
about ? I think the man with the 
cup in his hand is the king. a picture story. 




62 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




glD 



Come and see the picture story 
on this stone. Can you read it? 
I cannot, and only a few men can 
read these picture stories. I study 
from books very much like yours, 
but in my school each boy studies 
his lesson as loud as he can shout. 
Our teacher has a stick, and if 
we do not shout loud she strikes 
the floor. 

Could you learn a lesson in a 
room where all the boys and girls 
were studying 



A PICTURE STOKY. 



aloud ? 

Here are 
more jugs that were made long ago- 
Mexicans need many jugs and jars 
because they bring their water a 
long distance. How far do you have 
to go for the water that you use at 
your house ? Can you have all the 
water you need ? 




WATER JAR. 




WATER JAK. 



Where does the water you use come 
from ? 

There are two kinds of farms in 
Mexico, the fenced farms and those 
not fenced. My father's farm has 
a fence around it. Where there are 
no fences the horses and cattle are 



MEXICO. 



63 



branded^ and men are hired to ride over the great farms 
and take care of them. 

These men are called cowboys. They always have a 
lasso on their saddles. When one horse is leading the 
others away a cowboy rides after them and lassos the 
leader. A cowboy can ride very fast, and no horse can 




throw him. The cowboy loves his horse, and his horse 
learns what his master wishes and obeys him qnickly. A 
cowboy can catch any kind of a horse. He throws the 
lasso over the horse's head or snaps it around his foot. 

When night comes and the cowboy is far from any 
house he spreads a blanket on the ground and sleeps on 



64 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



it. His liorse rests near liim and neighs if any wild animal 
comes near. 

In some cities in Mexico water is very cheap, but in 

f,. many places it costs so mncli 

that poor ]3eople can buy 
only a little. We will go to 
a city where water is scarce. 
We meet many beggars 
here, and they are very 
dirty, for they have no 
water to wash in. This 
beggar's little boy is sick. 
We will give her some 
money to buy water. 

Here comes a rich Mexi- 

her 
See 

hat. 




BEGGAR AND CHILD. 



can, and he will give 
some money, too. He is riding on a fine black horse, 
the high crown and wide brim of his hat. 

A Mexican is always proud of his hat. This man's 
or sombrero, as he calls it, has a 
brim eight inches wide, trimmed 
with silver and gold buttons. 

Around the crown of the hat 
there is a broad silver band which 
is fastened with srold cords and 

O SOMBRERO. 

tassels. This sombrero cost a 

hundred dollars. His serape is embroidered with gold and 
has a silver fringe. His saddle and bridle are trimmed 
with silver, too. 




MEXICO. 



65 



Fausto told us that lie lived in the city. This man lives 
in the country and is very poor. His boy's name is Ramos. 

He says, " Buy a basket, if you please." A Mexican 
boy is always polite, so Ramos bows low before he shows 
us his baskets. 

He has been trying to sell them all day. He is going 




A NATIVE S HOME. 



home now and we will follow him. Five or six miles out 
from the city, Ramos comes to a village or pueblo where 
the houses are ail made of adobe. 

Adobe is a kind of mud or clay. He will stop here and 
beg a drink of water and try to sell his baskets. 

Do you see a ladder against each house ? If Ramos does 
not find anyone in the kitchen or stable, he will go up the 




r 



Lit I < M 

T^'4;-r. ■ .'11 




MEXICO. 67 

ladder to the roof. The ground floor is always used for 
a stable and a kitchen in these houses. 

In this part of Mexico the rainy season is six months 
long. The dry season is between the last of October and 
the first of May. How long is the dry season ? 

As Kamos walks on down the rough road he meets 




INDIAN CAMP, 



men who have been working on farms going home with 
bundles of oranges or cotton or sugar cane strapped on 
their backs. 

Now Ramos is passing an Indian camp. The tents are 
made of skins thrown over poles which have been put into 
the ground. 

These camps are called Indian tepees. The Indians of 
Mexico live in one place a long time. 



68 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



The Indians love tlieir homes. This mother is feeding 
her children from the kettle of sonp she has made for them. 

She has made it thick by putting in pounded beans. 
Would you like a spoonful of it ? 




MEXICAN OX CART. 



Do you see this Mexican cart ? It is drawn by oxen. 
They wear a great yoke on their necks. Are the wheels 
of the cart made like wheels you have seen ? 

This is Ramos's home, and his father and brothers and 



MEXICO. 



69 



sisters are waiting for him. Mexicans love tlieir children 
and are very kind to them. Ramos has fifteen brothers 
and sisters, so they all have to work. 

AVhen a boy is only seven years old he can walk ten 
miles to a city to sell the baskets or toys that his mother 
has made, and then walk home. Mexican boys never 




KA3I0S'S BROTHERS AND SISTERS. 



hurry, but they work very steadily until their work is 
done. 

There is no chimney on Ramos's house. The Mexicans 
do not need chimneys, for all the cooking is done out of 
doors. Ramos's father works for a farmer who lives 
near. 

The farmer harnesses his horses and drives to the city. 



70 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



His wife rides in the carriage with him. She does not 
wear a reboza. She wears a beautiful lace scarf which 

she made herself. 

Did you ever see a farmer 
plowing? This is the j)low 
that Ramos's father uses. It 
has only one handle, and he 
holds the plow with one hand 
and drives the oxen with the 
other. 




MEXICAN PLOW. 



A Mexican will not buy a 
plow with two handles. How do farmers plow where you 
live ? 

The city of Mexico is the capital of Mexico. Ramos 
walks many miles to church. He goes to the largest 
church in America. It is in the city of Mexico, and 






n|,rr 






THE CATHEDKAL OF MEXICO. 



MEXICO. 71 

Ramos is very proud of the beautiful cathedral. He will 
tell you that it took a hundred years to build it and that 
it cost five million dollars. He is very poor, but he always 
brings a little money to the church. 

Ramos likes to look at the beautiful carvings on the 
wall and at the great bronze doors. The altar rail is of 
silver and copper and gold melted together. The altar 
is of solid gold trimmed with silver. The priest's robes 
are made of gold thread Avoven together and embroidered 
with jewels. On his way home Ramos kneels and wor- 
ships again at a w^ayside shrine. 

" Push your boat swiftly along, if you please, Mr. Gar- 
dener. We are waiting to buy some of your great straw- 
berries and pine-apples for supper. We know they will 
be the best in the world, for you are bringing them from 
the floating gardens." 

The floating gardens are islands which are in a pretty 
lake near the city of Mexico. These market gardeners are 
coming down the Viga canal, which has been made be- 
tween the lake and the city. 

Their gardens are very fine because there is always 
plenty of water near, even in the dry season. Come 
quickly, for we want to buy some of your fruit and flow- 
ers ! 

Oh, what beautiful pansies ! They are as large as 
the top of a cup, and the poppies are as large as dinner 
plates ! The pansies are yellow and violet, and the pop- 
pies are bright red and yellow. Do you like such pretty 
flowers ? 



72 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



This is a strange place, but Ramos likes to come here. 
It is the Thieves' Market. Every Sunday morning the 
thieves come here to sell what they have stolen. 

They put up crazy looking umbrellas or tents and spread 




THIEVES^ ilARKET. 



out their goods. '' Come and buy," they say, " for we can 
sell cheaper than anyone else." 

There are more thieves in Mexico than in almost any 
other country. 

What do the police do Avitli thieves where you live ? 



MEXICO. 



73 



Do they let them sell the things they have stolen where 
everyone can see them ? 

Isn't this a strano;e farm ? It is a few miles from the 
city of Mexico. " What are you raising on your f arm, Mr. 
Farmer?" These plants look like century plants, which 
we often see 



lawns 
gardens 



and 




CENTURY PLANTS. 



on 

in gardens m 

the United 

States. 

Why do 
they raise so 
many century 
plants ? The 
drink that 
Mexicans like 
best comes from century plants. We call it pulque. 

When the century plant is ready to blossom a shoot 
comes up which grows as high as your school-room. 

I do not see any tall stocks. 

No, the men have cut them down, and have hollowed 
out the stump that is left. See, here is a hollow as large 
as a water pail. Is that water in it ? ISTo, that is the sap 
which would have fed the stock, and it fills the hollow 
every day. 

This man has come to take away the 
long gourd with a hole in each end of it. 
into the sap and sucks at the other end 
is full. 

5 



sap. He has a 
He dips one end 
until the gourd 



74 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 




MAN WITH PIG SKIN COLLECTING PULQUE. 



He empties tlie gourd into 
tlie pig skin on his back. 
How is tlie pig skin fastened 
to Lim ? How will lie get tlie 
pig skins to the city when they 
are full ? 

Do you see who is waiting 
to cany tlieni for liim ? Mexi- 
cans like pulque best when it 
is old and sour. You would 
not like pulque. 

Do you have cocoa for break- 
fast ? Did you ever hear of 
trees that needed a sun- 
shade ? 

trees in a cacao grove. Cacao 
Banana trees are 



You see two kinds of 
trees must be shaded from the sun 
planted among them. The banana tree will grow tall very 
fast and will spread its great leaves over the cacao trees 
like an umbrella. 

Men with long forked sticks 
will knock down the cacao pods 
and Ramos will catch them or 
pick them up. The cacao pods 
are as large as cucumbers and 
have many seeds. 

The men crack open the pods 
and take the seeds out with a 
wooden spoon. The seeds look 




BRANCH OP CACAO TREE. 



MEXICO. 75 

like almonds. Inside tlie shell there is a soft pulp that is 
good to eat. 

The cacao seeds are buried in the sand five days, when 
they are taken out of the sand and roasted. 

Ramos's father plants a great field of flax. 

When it is grown the blossoms are blue. When the 
blue petals fall off the seeds will change into a small 
brown ball. The stalks and stems of the flax are made into 
linen flbre. The lint is spun 
into linen thread, and the 
thread is made into strong 
cloth. 

. Ramos's mother spins her 
own flax. She makes it into 
very flne linen. Another wo- 
man takes the linen and draws 
out some of the threads and 
makes beautiful table covers. 
Did you ever see any Mexican 
table covers ? 

What color do you like 
best ? The Mexicans like bright red. They dye the linen 
red with dye that is made from a small insect. The insect 
is called a cochineal buo;. It feeds on the cactus. Ramos 
brushes the brown cochineal hims into a dish and takes 
them home to dry. His mother makes a dye of the bugs. 

What a strange hill ! It is the shape of a pyramid, but 
trees are growing upon it. That is because it was made 
by men. 




COCHINEAL INSECTS ON CACTUS LEAF. 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Long ago some Mexican tribes conquered other tribes and 
made them their slaves. These slaves were made to pile 
lip bricks, one at a time, until they made a great pyramid. 

The pyramid covers forty-four acres of land. It is made 
of sun-baked bricks and is covered with adobe. After 




THE VOLCANO OF POPOCATEPETL. 



many years trees and vines and cactuses grew all over it 
and that is why it looks like a hill now. 

Come to the top of the pyramid and you can see the 
volcano of Popocate23etl. "What is a volcano ? 

From this volcano we can see another great white moun- 
tain. The Mexicans think the top of this mountain looks 



like a woman 
Woman." 



asleep. Its name means "The White 




-,- ^.•■'. ^< 



ifej^a5r3a^&g^a^<^-" 



CRATER OF THE VOLCANO POPOCATEPETL. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



See how tlie goats and chickens come to meet us ! All 
the animals on a farm are treated very kindly in Norway 




and Sweden. The cows 
and the horses will come 
to yon. 

The hens and ducks fol- 
low us like playmates, for no one has ever hurt them. 
They think every boy and girl likes them. This farm is a 



A NOKWEGIAN FARM. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 79 

way station. There are not many railroads in this country. 
How can we travel here ? ' 

We can hire a cariole and be driven down the mountain 
roads in it. As a cariole will hold only two people, you 
must have one cariole and I must have another. 

A girl drives and she will need one seat in the cariole. 
She will drive us to the next farm station, then another 
girl will drive us to another station. 

At these farmhouses we can find good food and warm 
beds. They are much like hotels. Do you think there 
is room for a trunk ? 

No, you can carry only a light bag. We cannot take 
many clothes Avith us when we travel where there are 
no railroads. 

The roads from one farm station to another are very good 
ones. They never go over the mountains, but always 
wind around and between them. Our X3ony trots along 
very briskly. Don't you think this is a fine way to travel ? 

The farmer has built a great fire of juniper and fir 
branches under the oven, and his wife is making rye- 
bread. She will bake enough at one time to last all 
through the harvest. 

Is she making the bread into loaves ? IN^o, she has 
rolled it into thin, round cakes, and it looks like the top 
crust of a great pie. She will put it on a long-handled 
griddle, and then she will bake it hard. This is the bread 
we like best in Sweden. 

A hole is made in the middle of it, and it is strung on a 
long pole, which is hung from the ceiling. 



80 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



The Swedes do not eat the bread when 
it is new. They say new bread makes 
people sick ; old bread makes them strong. 
You must have good teeth if you wish to 
eat a piece of Josephina's bread. 

Soon the grass will be green, and then 
we shall take our cows up into the moun- 
tains. We have many 
pastures for our cows 
among the mountains. 

We live there all sum- 
mer. These pastures are 
fifty miles from our 
home on the farm, and 
you will not care to go 
with us, for the road is 
steep and rocky. 
Father comes to see us only twice 

each summer, and then he brings us 

what we need from the farm. We are 

too busy to be very lonely, for we must 

watch the cows so that the wolves will 

not kill them. The cows eat the grass 

which grows between the rocks. All 

the grass which grows on the farm must 

be saved for winter. 

We drive the cows to a new pasture 

once every week. They always know 

their way back. There are dairy huts 





NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



81 



near the one that we live in. Do you know wliat is done 
in a dairy ? 

Yes, we make butter and cheese there. When father 






« 



comes to visit us he will take home 
all we have made, and he will sell it 
at the market. We make many, many 
pounds of butter, and this is the 
way we earn most of our money. 

Do you go away to spend the 
summer? Do you go to work, or to 
have a good time ? When a cow gets 
lost we blow our horns, and she 
comes quickly when she hears them. 
Our cows are always gentle and 
they like to folloAv us, for we pet 
them every day. 

We sleejD until we hear them low- 
ing in the morning, and then it is 
time to get up and milk them. 
We set the milk away in the dairy in pans. When 
the cream has risen we skim it carefully. We make 
the cream into butter and cheese. Did you ever help to 



NORSE TOOLS. 



83 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 



make butter ? You may have a great slice of the cheese 
that we have made if you come to visit us. 

It sometimes rains while we are taking the cows to 
pasture. We hang our wet clothing on poles. 

Do you have poles hung from the ceiling of your 
house ? At our house on the farm the poles are carved 
to look like serpents. We hang the colfee pot and sugar 
box on these poles. 

When washing day comes we take our clothes down to 

the river and wash 
them on the stones. 
How often is your 
family washing 
done ? We wash 
twice each year. 

We put on clean 
clothes every Sun- 
day morning. 
There will be many^ 
many clothes to 
wash when washing time comes. It would seem like 
house-cleaning time to you. 

Father has come up from the farm. We are very glad 
to see him ! A stranger has come with him. We will 
give them the best supper we can cook. 

Throw more b]'anches on the fire, and hang the brass 
kettle on the other crane. After supper we will sit down 
on the benches and listen to the stranger's stories. Bring 
out the best bench for the stranger. 




LISTENING TO THE STRANGLl » -^ToriL- 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



83 



Hjlma will work on tlie mittens she is knitting for next 
winter. I will sit in tlie corner and spin. 

Long ago there were brave men living in Norway, called 
Vikings. Hjlma likes 
to hear abont them. 
Their enemies did not 
like to see a Viking 
ship coming. 

A Viking w^ore his 
ax in his belt, even 
when he was plow- 
ing on his farm. His 
battle-ax was very 
large. The Vikings 
were strong, and crnel 
to their enemies. 

The VikinD:s would 
sometimes give the 
grain they had taken 
from their enemies to 
poor people. When 
an enemy was very 
brave, a Viking would 
often give him back half the grain that had been taken. 

Then the brave eneniy would be invited to a feast on 
the Viking ship. All the brave men would drink from the 
same drinking horn and after that they were always 
friends. 

The Vikings had strong, beautiful ships. When a Vi- 




VTKING PLOWING. 



84 AROUND THE WORLD. 

king chief died they sometimes buried him and his ship 
together. 



DRINKING HORN. 



A great cave would be dug, and the ship dragged out 
of the sea, and put into it. Then every warrior would 




VIKING SHIP. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



85 



hang liis sliield on the side of the ship, 
and a hut was built on the deck. 

The chiefs body, with his drinking horn, 
and his sword beside him, was put into the 
hut. Then all the people of the village 
put earth upon the ship. When it was 
covered it made a mound like a small 
hill. 

A few years ago a whole Viking ship 
was found in one of these mounds. 

It was taken to Christiania, and you 
can see it there to-day. It had sixteen 
shields, and sixteen places where oars 
could be used on each side. 

The shields are made of pine, and 
have brass rims. Half of them were 
painted yellow, and the others were 
painted black. This is a picture of one of the carved 
posts. 

These posts held up the awning which kept oif the hot 
sun and the rain. This Viking ship could carry over 
seventy men. 

There was a great square sail in the middle of the boat. 
When the wind went down, long oars were used. 

The Vikings lived in a cold climate. They were very 
active, working hard all day. This made them strong 
and powerful men, so when they used the long oars 
to row, their ship traveled very fast. Could you row as 
fast? 




A CARVED POST. 



86 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




THE viking's ship, SHOWING THE KUDDER. 



This is a picture of their rudder. It was on the star- 
board side of the ship. Which is the starboard side, and 
what is the other side of the ship called ? 

The Vikings were the bravest sailors that ever 
lived and they sailed around Europe in ships like this 
one. 

One of them sailed over to America many, many years 
before Columbus discovered it, but he did not know 
that he had discovered a new country. 

Mr. Longfellow has written poems about Vikings. In 
one of them a Viking tells what he did when he was a boy : 



'^ Far in the northern land, 
By the wild Baltic's strand, 
I, with my childish hand. 
Tamed the gerfalcon. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



87 



" And, with my skates fast-bound. 
Skimmed the half -frozen sound. 
That the poor whim^pering hound 
Trembled to walk on. 

" Oft to his frozen lair 
Tracked I the grisly bear. 
While from my path the hare 
Fled like a shadow.'' 




THE NOKTHERN LAND. 



A lair is a wild animal's bed. It is usually in some 
dark cave. Wliat is a gerfalcon? Can you find the 
Baltic Sea on tlie map ? 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



.l|/ll/lMt^' 



l^ipiifc 




CHRISTINA CARRYING MILK. 



Cliristina is selling milk. Don't you think this is a 
very good way to carry a heavy bucket ? Did you ever 
see boys running with wheels like this ? When a holiday 
comes, Christina wears her hair in two smooth braids 
down her back. 

She wears a bodice made of blue cloth, that she wove 
herself. It is embroidered across the front with white 
silk. 

Christina works hard all day, but in the evening she 
loves to dance and sing. 

Girls in Sweden and Norway do not wear hats. They 
pin a handkerchief over their hair in many pretty ways. 
How do you think Christina knows where a girl lives? 
She looks to see how she wears the handkerchief on her 
head. 

Did you ever wear a handkerchief on your head in this 
manner ? Try it some time. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEH 



89 



Some of tlie liand- 
kerchiefs are very 
large. Some are 
small and embroid- 
ered with silk. 

This is a room in 
Selma's house. 

The bed is put 
up against the wall. 
It looks like a great 
drawer. Selma will 
stir up the straw that 
is in it, and will sleep 
on a blanket S23read 
over the straw. 

Her 23illowis filled 
with eider-down. 
Selma gathered the 





selma's bedroom. 



eider-down from 
the eider - duck's 
nest. There are 
many, many nests 
on the rocks near 
the house. No 
one ever shoots an 
eider-duck in Nor- 
way, or takes her 
eggs. 

The mother 



90 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



yoii 



duck lines tlie nest with down from lier breast. Don't 
think her baby-birds have a soft bed ? 

When Selma takes the down, the mother duck will 
pick more down from her breast. If Selma takes that, 
the father drake will line the nest with down from his 
breast. 

When autumn comes, the ducks leave their nests and ily 

to the warm south. Then 
Selma will take all the 
soft white down she can 
find. 

When her father goes 
to the city, he will sell the 
down at the store and 
buy Selma some new 
shoes with the money. 
Do you sleep on eider- 
down pillows ? Did you 
ever see a cloak trimmed 
with eider-down? 

Harvest time has come ! 
The grain is ripe and the 
farmers are gathering it into stooks. Did you ever see a 
stook of grain? 

We are helping in the fields. 

When our work is done, the farmer will let us pick up 
all the scattered straws to carry home. See what large 
bundles we have gleaned. 

Selma carries her bundle on her head. Selma is the 




EIDER-DUCK. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



91 



farmer's daughter. 
The girls who come 
from the village 
cannot wear shoes 
every day. 

They go barefoot 
and save their shoes 
for Sundays aod holi- 
days. 

Rich girls and 
poor girls work to- 
gether in the field 
and they are good 
friends. They sing 
together as they come 
down the road. 

If a rainy day comes, Selma will spend it knitting. She 
is making a pair of stockings for her father. Does some 
one knit your stockings ? Grandma often reads to Selma 
while she works. Selma listens, and remembers what is 
read. Does your mamma read stories to you ? 

Selma learned to knit when she was a very little girl. 
She can knit very fast without looking at the stitches. 
When Selma goes to visit some girl who lives four or '^ve 
miles away, she takes her work, and sings and knits as she 
rides along the road. These girls keep knitting while 
they are talking. The balls of yarn and the needles are 
nearly always in their pockets. They love to knit, and do 
not think it is work at all. 




GRANDMA BEADING TO SELMA. 



92 



AROUND THE WOELD. 




HARVEST TIME. 



Roek-a-bye baby. You cannot fall, for tlie brancli will 
not break. Mother will soon take you home. Your broth- 
ers and sisters will 
be waiting for you. 
They have been 
working in the fields 
too. 

We all work hard 
at harvest time, for 
the summer is short 
in Norway. Now we 
will have a good sup- 
per. We are very 
hungry after we have 
been at work in the 
field, and we go to bed as soon as it is dark. 

What do you say when you leave the table ? In Norway 
and Sweden every child goes to the father and mother and 
says, " Thank you for the food." 

Sometimes a stranger is asked to dinner or supper. 
When he leaves the table he will always go and shake 
hands with the father and mother and say, "Thank you 
for the food," too. The people in Norway and Sweden 
are very kind to travellers. They invite them to come in 
and rest and give them the best room in the house. 

On the cliffs near Selma's home there were once many 
auks. It was very easy to kill these auks, because their 
wings were so short they could not fly away easily. Men 
would drive them together among the rocks and kill them 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



93 



witli clubs. Now there are very few auks to be found. 
Joliau wishes that he could see one. He would watch for 
its eggs and sell them. Do you suppose he will ever 
find one ? 

Once there were many 
birds near our ownhomes. 
Now we can find but few 
nests, and we hear only 
robins and sparrows and 
pigeons. What has be- 
come of the house wren 
and the swallows, and 
where are the bluebirds ? 
Yes, the English sparrows 
have driven many of them 
away. What can we do 
to help to bring back the 
birds that have left us ? 

If we put bits of thread 
and hair and moss where 
they can find them, do you 
think they will build 
theirnests near our homes 
again ? We can try to keep their nests safe from bad boys. 

Every little egg in a nest is very precious now, for we 
want to hear the birds singing about us. Each little egg 
that is broken means that there must be one less bird. Our 
little bird friends help us, too. They feed on the grubs 
and worms that would spoil the buds and flowers. 




94 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




selma's home. 

Did you ever see a duck egg-dish ? You will find one in 
every liome in Norway. We eat a great many eggs and 
they are always put on the table in a dish that 
looks like a duck. 

The cover of this dish is made in the shape of 
a duck. Lift up the cover and help yourself to 
an egg. You will find that the egg is large. It 
is not a hen's egg, but the egg of some wild bird. 

Johan found these eggs in nests on the rocks. 
He never takes the eider-duck's eggs, and he will 
not take all the eggs from any nest. Some day 
we will go out on the rocks with him. We will 
take a basket with us and try to bring home 
enough eggs for dinner. Did you ever hunt for 
^''r^oBK.'''' ^gg^ ill ^ farmer's barn ? How many did you find ? 



96 AROUND THE WORLD. 

Come, we will row up the river for a boat-load of hay. 
We shall need all the hay we can find before winter is over. 

Hurry, so that we can load our hay into the boat and 
pull away before Hans comes ! We will laugh at him and 
make him think he must carry his load home on his head. 

Ah, here comes Hans. He does not wish to walk home 
with his hay. He says that he will jump into the boat from 
the stepping-stones. Wait, Hans ! do not tip our boat 
over. We will come for you. We were only joking when 
we rowed out here. Hans will help us row home. We 
shall need Hans, for he is strong, and we must row against 
the current. 

All summer long we have been gathering hay into our 
barns. We have brought it home in boats and in wagons. 
We must save all that we can find before the frost comes. 
When our cows come home from the mountain pastures 
where they feed all summer, they will need the hay. Our 
good cows must never go hungry, for they give us our 
milk. From the milk mother makes butter and cheese. 

Then we must gather a bunch of grain and put it away 
for Christmas. When Christmas time comes, every family 
in Norway will tie a bunch of grain to the top of a tall 
pole and set it out in the deep snow. Soon the birds will 
come fluttering about to find their Christmas dinner. 
They will go from one bunch of grain to another and get 
all the seeds they can eat. After they have had their 
Christmas dinner, they will come back and sing to us. 
We love our Christmas birds and are glad to save some 
grain for them. 










isi. 



.Mi^ 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




SELMA S MOTHEB SPINNING FLAX. 



We will gather flax to-day. After it is dried we will 
pound off all tlie seeds, and spread tlie stocks on the grass. 
We will let the deAV wet them and the sun shine on them 
until they are soft. Then we will pound them until we 
can comb the flax into long fibers. Mother will spin these 
long fibers into fine threads on her spinning-wheel. 

Do you know what we do with the fine linen thread after 
it is wound on spools ? We have a loom in our house, and 
we shall weave the flax into linen. Our clothes are made 
of the linen. We pack the linen away in a great chest until 
we need it. When Selma's wedding day comes, her clothes 
will be made from the linen that we have put away in the 
chest. 



100 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




SETTING THE SAIL. 



The tide is out and we can rake up clams and catch 
little fish in our nets for bait. When the tide turns we 
will launch our boat and go fishing. 

Do you see our sail ? Mother will row while father sets 
the sail. Mother is very strong. We shall bring home 
many fish. 

We shall have some of the fish we catch for dinner^ 
and we shall sell the others to the men who dry them for 
the market. Do you ever eat salt fish that has been 
dried ? Perhaps we caught some of the codfish you have 
eaten. 

Our people send great ship-loads of fish to America. 
Come and see how the fish are dried. Do you see the 
racks ? Can you see the codfish hanging down from the 
slats that are put across the racks ? 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 




DBTING CODFISH. 



You w^ould not care to stay near tlie place where the fish 
are drying, for you would not like the smell, but we do not 
notice it. Do you see the schooners waiting to take the fish 
away ? Many men are kept busy packing the codfish in 
boxes and storing it away on the boats. Other men are out 
on the ocean catching the fish. Their wives wait at home 
and watch the weather as they work. They hope there 
will not be a great storm and a fierce wind. Many strong 
boats have been dashed to pieces in these storms. We 
hope that all the boats we see in the harbor will have a 
safe voyage. Some one will be watching for them when 
they return. How often does your father come home? 



103 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




GOING TO CHUKCH IN A BOAT. 



Do you watcli for liim ? Did you ever watch a fisliing- 
boat come home from sea? 

There is no church near our home. 

I can see a large boat coming from an island. Every 
Sunday we row five miles to church in our large boat. 
Fifty people can ride in many of our church boats. 

Do you hear them singing a hymn as they row across 
the water ? Would you like to go to church in a boat ? 
These people enjoy it. 

Sit down, Thelma, and I will smooth your hair while 
you do Selma's. The wind has blown it about our faces as 
we rowed across the water. We must look very neat be- 
fore we go into church. We have brought our shoes and 
oui' clean linen kerchiefs in boxes. We will j^^^t them on 
and be all ready for church before we go on shore. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



103 



Trip, trip, liglitly tliey go, while tlie music sounds 
throagli the room ! 

In these days the Norwegian boys and girls dance very 
much as you do. 
They waltz and polka 
and dance the square 
dances. They enjoy 
it as much as you 
and I do. 

they 



Long 



ago 




danced the spring 
dance, as this boy and 
girl in the picture 
are doing. Gustaf 
w^ould take Hjlma's 
hand, and they would 
trip lightly in their 
heavy clog shoes. 
They always kept 
perfect time to the 
music. They loved 
the s]Dring dance and 
they loved the merry 
music which was always played for it on the violin. 
In those days they went barefooted through the week, 
to save their shoes for the dance. Few people could afford 
to wear shoes every day. They wore them only to dances 
and weddings and to church. Would you like to try to 
dance the old spring dance that Gustaf and Hjlma enjoyed 



DANCING IN NOKWAT. 



104 ABOUND THE WORLD. 

SO mucli ? Join hands, spring lightly, and come down each 
time on the beat of the merry music. Your feet must only 
just touch the floor. Gustaf and Iljlma often walked 
many miles to such a dance, and then walked home again. 

What strong, brave men ! They are carrying King Har- 
old's little son Hakon across the mountains. Hakon's 
father was afraid his cruel brothers would hurt him. 

The brothers wanted to kill him so that he would not 
have a part of the kingdom when King Harold died. 
These brave, kind-hearted men went swiftly over the 
mountains on their snow-shoes. 

These men were called birch-legs. Look at them and 
see if you can guess why. They took Hakon to England 
in a ship and gave him to the king of England. The king 
was very kind to the little Norwegian child, and let him 
grow up with his own sons. Then he sent him back to 
Norway. 

When Hakon became a man he was made king, and he 
tried to teach his people what he had learned in England. 
He wanted to tell them about the God whom you worship, 
but his people would not listen to him. 

Many, many years after Hakon died, his grandson made 
the people listen and they became Christians. This grand- 
son was called Olaf the Glorious. Why was he called 
that ? What did he do ? 

Sometimes he was called Olaf the Holy. Mr. Longfellow 
has written some verses about Olaf. Kino^ Olaf had a 
ship built to look like a great sea serpent. When it was 
done he called it The Long Serpent. 



lOd 



AROUND THE WOULD. 



THE BUILDma OF THE LONG SERPENT. 

Round him busily liewed and hammered 

Mallet huge and heavy axe. 
Workmen laughed and sang and clamored, 
Whirling the wheels that into the rigging 

Spun the shining flax. 

Till at anchor, carved and gilded, 
Lay the dragon-ship he build ed ; 
'Twas the grandest ship in Norway, 
With its crest and scales of green. 



The Long Serpent it was christened, 
'Mid the roar of cheer on cheer. 



LOKGrELLOW. 




THE LONG SERPENT. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 107 



VALKYRIES^ SON^G. 

The Sea-king looked o'er tlie brooding wave ; 

He turned to the dusky skore, 
And tkere seemed, tkrougk tke arck of a tide- 
worn cave 
A gleam, as of snow, to pour ; 
And fortk, in watery ligkt, 
Moved pkantoms, dimly wkite, 
Whick tke garb of woman bore. 

Slowly tkey moved to the billow side ; 

And tke forms, as they grew more clear, 
Seemed each on a tall, pale steed to ride. 
And a shadowy crest to rear. 
And to beckon witk faint kand. 
From tke dark and rocky strand, 
And to point a gleaming spear. 

Tken a stillness on kis spirit fell. 

Before tk' uneartkly train. 
For ke knew Valkalla's daughters well, 
The Choosers of the slain ! 
And a sudden rising breeze 
Bore, across the moaning seas. 
To his ear their thrilling strain. 



108 ABOUND THE WORLD. 

" Eegner ! tell tliy fair-haired bride 
She must slumber at thy side ! 
Tell the brother of thy breast, 
Even for him thy grave hath rest ! 
Tell the raven steed which bore thee, 
When the wild wolf fled before thee. 
He too with his lord must fall, — 
There is room in Odin's Hall ! " 

There was arming heard on land and wave. 

When afar the sunlight spread, 
And the phantom forms of the tide-worn cave 
With the mists of morning fled ; 
But at eve, the kingly hand 
Of the battle-axe and brand, 
Lay cold on a pile of dead ! 

— Hemans. 



The Norsemen told their sons that up in the clouds 
there were noble women mounted on splendid white 
horses watching them. They said that when a brave man 
died in battle, these women, who were called Valkyrs, 
would gallop down to earth and take the brave man, who 
had been killed, back to heaven on their splendid horses. 
These noble young women were the handmaidens of Odin, 
the god of war, who dwelt in Valhalla. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



109 




A MODERN NORWEGIAN BOAT. 



Some day we will go to Norway and Sweden, and while 
we may not find any of tlie old viking's ships, we may find 
in some of tlie museums, carved posts, shields, a curious 
rudder, and other parts which will remind us that these 
shijDs once existed and sailed over the north seas. 

We shall find many objects of interest there, diJfferent 
from those at home. A boatman will take us in a strong, 
modern Norwegian boat to the home of the auk, and we 
will learn the habits of this strange bird. We will hunt for 
the eggs of the eider-duck, and we will fish for salmon at 
the mouth of the river. 

When the snow comes, perhaps Erik will harness his 
reindeer to his sleigh and give us a ride over the snow- 
covered fields. We will visit Selma's home and see all the 
curious old furniture, and dishes, and plates with odd pic- 
tures painted on them. We will buy some of these things 
for our friends at home. 

We will watch Selma's mother spinning the flax into 
fine linen thread, and perhajDS she will make for us some 
fine linen handkerchiefs with pretty designs woven in. 



110 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



It is winter and tlie lake is frozen over. Come and skate 
with us on tlie ice and we will take a sail. Put the cross- 
bar on your shoulder and slip your arm under the strap. 
Now you need not skate, for the wind will fill your sail 

and take you two 
miles down the lake 
in Ave minutes. Com- 
ing back we shall put 
the sail on the other 
shoulder and tack. 
Do you know what 
tacking means in sail- 
ing? 

Do you see how 
clear the ice is ? You 
can see the bottom of 
the lake and the fishes 
darting among the 
weeds growing there. 
Don't you feel as if you were flying ? 
This afternoon I will take you sleighing. 
Do you ha^ e sleighs like ours in your 
country ? How are they made ? 
IMPLEMENTS OP wAK. A cruel kliig oiice came from Den- 

mark to rule over Norway and Sweden. 
He invited all the noblemen of the country to a great 
feast. When they came he ordered his soldiers to kill 
them. 

Then the king thought there would be no one left to 




NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



Ill 



raise an army agaiust him. But one young nobleman 
named Gustavus Yasa did not go to tlie feast. 

When Gustavus heard how his father and the other 
nobles had been killed, he wanted to drive the cruel king 
back to Denmark. He went all over the country asking 
the farmers and fishermen to help him. 

The king heard what Gustavus Vasa was doing and he 





offered to give a bag of gold to any one who would kill 
the young nobleman. 

The soldiers hunted for him all over the countr}^. They 
offered to pay any one who would help them. The 
country people were poor, but they would not take the 
money. 

They helped Gustavus Yasa hide. He wanted to get to 
Dalarne. Many soldiers lived at Dalarne and he thought 
they would help 
him raise an army. 

Once the sol- 
diers almost 
caught him, but 
he ran into a cot- 
tage. A woman 
named Marget, 





112 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




wlio lived in the cottage, ojDened a door 
in tlie floor, and Gustavus went into 
tlie cellar. 

Then the woraan shut down the door, 
and put her great tub over it, and went 
on with her work. When the soldiers 
came they offered her gold if she would 
help them find Grustavus Yasa. The 
soldiers did not know there was a cellar 
under the house, so Gustavus Yasa was 
saved. 

Gustavus once dressed like a ser- 
vant and worked for a woman in her 
kitchen. The soldiers looked at him, 



but did 
not know 

WARKIOK ]^-^^^^ g() 

Gustavus was saved again. 
Gustavus Yasa went on 
over the mountains until he 
came to Dalarne. But when 
he reached the town, the 
people said, "We will not 
fisrht. We have lono; been 
at war. Let us rest." This 
was very hard for Gustavus 
to bear when he had come 
so many miles to find these 
soldiers. He went sadly 




A KOKSEMAN. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



113 



away. But after lie was gone the men 

of Dalarne sent men to say, " Come back 

and we will iiglit with you ! " 

So they dressed in their battle cloaks 

and took their swords and spears and 

battle-axes, and drove the cruel king 

back to his own country. 

This was long ago, but ever since 

that time the people have had their 

own king. 

Olaf lives in a hut with his father 

and mother and brothers, in the 

northern part of Norway. Do you 

think it is warm where they live? 

Why do you think it is cold ? Olaf 's 

house is made of poles covered with 

sods. All around the inside of the 

hut is a platform made of poles. This platform is the bed. 

Every one in the family sleeps on this bed. 

Every one sleeps between reindeer skins. In the morn- 
ing Olaf's mother cooks some reindeer moss for breakfast. 

She cooks it in milk and water, and 
Olaf thinks it very nice. 

Olaf's father owns five hundred 
reindeer, and Olaf helps to milk 
them. How much milk does a 
Jersey cow give ? Olaf can get only 
a teacujDful of milk from each rein- 
deer, but it is very thick and. rich. 




WAKRIOK. 




114 AROUND THE WORLD. 

He puts some water with it before lie drinks it. He 
likes it best when it is so sour that it is like jelly. Do you 
like sour milk ? 

Olaf helps his mother make cheese from the milk, but 
reindeer milk does not make good butter, Olaf s people 
are not Swedes. They are Lapps. Lapps like to live 
where it is so cold that no trees, flowers, or grass can grow. 




WINTER IN NOKWAY. 



The Lapps own many reindeer. The reindeer like to 
live in cold countries, and they feed on the moss that 
grows between the rocks. When the ground is covered 
with snow the reindeer dig holes and find moss to eat. 

Does a reindeer always wear the same horns ? How 
often do the old ones drop oif and new ones grow out ? 
Does a cow have new horns every year ? 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



115 



The reindeer can swim across a wide lake. A Lapp 
tliinks he is very poor if he does not own several hundred 
reindeer. Olaf has reindeer meat for dinner, and drinks 




SWEDISH LAPLANDERS. 



reindeer milk, and his coat and cap and shoes are made of 
reindeer skin. 

He sleeps on blankets made of reindeer skins. When 



116 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 




OLAF'S SICKLE. 



winter use. 



lie wishes to go to ride lie harnesses a 
reindeer into a queer little sleigh that 
looks like a boat. You would fall out of 
a reindeer sleigh, for it rocks about when 
it moves. 

Reindeer can run very fast. 01 af drives 
a reindeer with one rein. He throws the 
rein over one side if he wishes the rein- 
deer to go fast, and over the other side 
when he wishes him to stop. Olaf goes 
fishing with his father. His mother will 
salt and dry the fish they catch. 

The fish can then be put away for 
Olaf cuts up rein- 
deer moss with this sickle, and 
then cooks it in milk and water 
for the little reindeer. 

Olaf cannot live very long in 
one place. When the reindeer 
have eaten all the moss near his 
home he must go to another 
place. 

His father finds a good pas- 
ture many miles away, and 
builds another hut. 

He ties the tent poles to- 
gether and a reindeer drags 
them to the new home. 

Why can they not cut new 




FISHING IMPLEMENTS. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



117 



poles? Olaf helps to drive tlie reindeer. 
When they have eaten all the moss 
within a day's journey of this home Olaf 
must move again. 

Sometimes Olaf crosses a glacier on 
the way. 

What is a glacier ? Does it move as 
fast as a river of water ? 

Olaf often sees great icebergs in the 
ocean. 

What is an iceberg ? 

When Olaf comes to open water he 
often catches fish with spears or nets. 

Olaf often sees polar bears running 
across the ice. 

His father shoots the bears and they 
have bear meat to eat. 

They are glad to see the bears, for 
they are very fond of bear meat. Where 
does your father get the meat that you 
eat ? 

His mother makes long boots that 
look like stockings out of the white bear 
skin, and she makes short boots and 
slij)pers too. 

She turns the fur inside and the boots 
are very warm. 

Would you like a pair of bear-skin 
boots for next winter ? 







^. 





118 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




huts of sods and live on sea-fish and bear 

The mountain Lapps have 
tents, and eat salmon and other 
fish caught from the mountain 
brooks. Do you ever eat 
smoked salmon ? 

There is a big kettle hanging 
over a camp fire near Erik's 
home. His mother has made 
some soup from fish. Erik mil 
eat it Avith a horn spoon which 
his father made from a rein- 
deer's horn. In the small kettle 
you will find some hot coffee. 
Can you tell where coffee grows? 



Erik is a Lapp 
boy too, but he 
lives in the 
mountains. His 
father's home 
must be moved 
very often. 

He makes it of 
poles and covers 
it with reindeer 
skins. 01 af al- 
ways lives near 
the ocean. The 
coast Lapps build 
and reindeer meat. 




THE BIG KETTLE. 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



119 



When the reindeer have eaten all the moss they can 
find near this place, Erik's people will move. His father 
will roll up the tent poles in reindeer skins and tie them 
on a reindeer's back. 

He will harness another reindeer to a sleigh for himself 
and one for each of the children. They will drive to their 




A REINDEER SLEIGH-RIDE. 



new home, and the hired men will bring the herd of rein- 
deer. 

Sometimes the mountain Lapps are driven away from 
the mountains to the coast in summer. Can you guess 
what drives them ? Do you think it is wolves or bears ? 
No, it is the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes are very large, 
and come in such clouds that you can hardly see beyond 
them. They sting the reindeer so that he wants to plunge 
into the water and get rid of them. 



130 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Erik's mother always goes to cliurcli when they are near 
one^ and she takes her baby with her. Can you see the 
baby? Do you know where he is? 

Yes, the baby is in that queer bundle in her arms. Just 
outside the church baby's mother will bury him in the 
snow all but his head. 

The reindeer skins keep him warm. She leaves him 
there beside the babies that other mothers have brought. 

The babies will be warm and 
happy in their snowy beds. 

When church is over Erik's 
mother takes her baby back to 
the tent. She gives him his 
dinner, and then she rocks him 
to sleep in his pretty cradle. 

A Lapp mother always has a 
pretty cradle for her baby. This 
one is made of white birch bark, 
and the bark is covered with 
pretty figures. 

Erik's father made these figures on the cradle with a red- 
hot iron. The cradle is lined with green cloth, and the 
green cloth is embroidered with red silk. 

When baby is in the cradle his mother covers him w^ith 
soft little blankets that are made of the skins of hares 
sewed together. 

Erik caught the hares in a trap. " Master Hare, you can 
run very fast. Your coat is white in winter so that the 
hunters cannot see you run on the snow. Your skin is 




LAPP S CRADLE. 



KORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



131 




SALMON SPEARING AT NIGHT. 



brown in summer so that no one can see you run over tlie 
rocks. But you must keep away from Erik's traps or you 
will be caught, Master Hare." 

Sometimes at night Erik goes out on the bay with his 
brothers and sis- 
ters in a boat to 
spear fish. They 
have a large torch 
in the bow of the 
boat. 

Mr. Longfel- 
low has given us 
a few words of a 
Lapland song. 
It will remind 
you of the sound of the wind as it whistles through the 
pines. 

" And a verse of a Lapland song- 
Is haunting my meaiory still : 
' A boy's will is the wind's will. 
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts \'" 

Don't you think Erik would like to sing this song as he 
slides down the hills on his snow-shoes ? How is he steer- 
ing himself ? 

Erik will not w^ait until it is dark before he goes to bed. 
Do you know why ? Where he lives there are eight weeks 
each summer when it is light all day and all night. 

This part of Norway and Sweden is called the Land of 



133 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



the Midmsrlit Sun 



gJ 



But in winter there are Just as many 
weeks when the sun 
does not shine at all. 
It will be almost 
dark at noon for a 
few days in mid- 
winter. 

How will Erik and 
his father see to find 
their reindeer ? That 
is the time Olaf loves 
best. When the sun 
does not come up in 
the morning it is not 
dark. 

The moon and the 
stars shine very 
brightly. The won- 
derful northern lights 
then blaze up in the 
north. The aurora 
borealis will not be 
as warm as the sun, 
^Jp <, but it Mall give plenty 
^ of light. It will be 
more beautiful than 
any sunset. Are 
there any other coun- 
tries where it is as cold as it is in Lapland ? Are there 




NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 



123 




HAMMERFEST. 



any otlier countries wliere the sun does not shine for many 
months 1 

Hammerfest, the northernmost town in the world, is in 
Norway. Do you see how the houses are built on the 
coast ? Great rocky mountains are back of the town. 
Nearly all the people who live in Hammerfest are fisher- 
men. 

Beyond Hammerfest is the lonely North Cape. It is the 
northernmost point of land in Europe. Many travelers 
climb to the top of the North Cape, but no one lives near 
there. No trees or shrubs or flowers grow near it. Why 
do travelers go there ? 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 125 

(THE DISCOVERER OF THE) NORTH CAPE. 

" So far I live to tlie northward, 

No man lives north of me ; 

To the east are wild mountain chains, 
And beyond them meres and plains ; 

To the westward all is sea. 

" The sea was rough and stormy ; 
The tempest howled and wailed, 

And the sea-fog, like a ghost. 

Haunted that dreary coast. 
But onward still I sailed. 

" And then uprose before me. 
Upon the water's edge, 

The huge and haggard shape 

Of that unknown North Cape, 
Whose form is like a wedge." 

— LOKGFELLOW. 

Do you like stories and myths about giants and brownies 
and the golden city of the gods ? These are the old Norse 
legends that children of Norway and Sweden love to hear. 

Long, long ago there were no peo23le on this beautiful 
earth, and Odin, the father god, lived in the golden city 
called Asgard up among the clouds. His wife Frigg, and 
their many brave sons and lovely handmaidens, lived with 
Odin. 



126 AROUND THE WORLD. 

One day the father god came down the rainbow and 
walked abont on the earth. "This is a bright, sunny 
place," he said. " I wish there were people here." 

He looked about, and saw a straight strong Ash tree 
and a graceful young Elm standing near together. He 
touched the Ash, and made it into a man whom he called 
Askar. 

The Elm he made into a gentle, graceful woman, and 
called her Embla. Askar and Embla were very happy 
together on the earth and had many children. 

Odin came down the rainbow arch and visited them. 
Then he began to wish he was very wise, so that he might 
know how to help the earth children to be happy. 

Down deep in the earth there was a well of wisdom. If 
anyone could drink of its waters he would become very 
wise. Bat a fierce giant guarded the well. Odin fought 
with him three days and three nights. At last Odin con- 
quered, and drank the waters of wisdom. 

Then he went back up the rainbow to his home very 
happy. After that Odin was very wise. He could often 
conquer the cruel Frost Giants who lived near the city of 
Asgard. 

These great cruel giants troubled the earth children and 
even stole from the gods. One of them had stolen a cask 
of grape juice. 

Odin made them think he was a poor farmer's boy. He 
offered to work for one of the giants. Soon Odin found 
the grape juice and took it back home. 

Thor was Odin's brave young sou, and Sif was Thor's 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 127 

beautiful wife. Thor and Sif lived with Odin in the 
golden hall of the gods, in the golden city of Asgard. 

Sifs eyes were blue like the summer sky and they shone 
like the stars. Her hair was golden and very fine, and 
when she braided it above her snow-white brow it looked 
like a sheaf of harvest grain. 

One day Thor's wicked- brother Loke found beautiful 
Sif sleeping among the ferns and mosses with her golden 
hair falling loosely about her shoulders. 

"Thor is too proud of Sif and her hair," growled 
Loke. He stole softly up behind her, and with one sweep 
of his knife he cut off all the beautiful golden crown of 
hair. 

When Thor came home he found Sif weeping. When 
he heard what Loke had done, Thor was so angry that 
every time he spoke, it thundered on the earth. 

His eyes flashed so very angrily that it made lightning 
in the skies. Loke was very much frightened, for he was 
a coward. 

Loke begged Thor not to hurt him, but to forgive him. 
" Not until you bring Sif a crown as beautiful as the one 
you stole ! " shouted Thor. His voice made the very 
mountains seem to shake with thunder. 

Even the Frost Giants were frightened. Loke ran down 
the rainbow arch to the brownies, who lived down deep in 
the earth, and commanded them to make a crown for Sif. 
He said it must be made of the finest gold and be more 
beautiful than her own had been. 

The crooked little broAvnies hated Loke, but they had to 



128 AROUND THE WORLD. 

obey Mm. They loved Sif, so they made her a crown of 
gold as fine as silk. 

They filled the crown with magic, so that it would grow 
to her head and be like her own hair. Loke ordered them 
to make other gifts for Odin and Thor, so that they would 
forgive him. Loke boasted that the gods would be more 
pleased with his gifts than with any gift that could be 
given them. 

But one of the brownies thought he could make a gift 
which would please Thor more. So he made a magic 
hammer, and he stole up the rainbow behind Loke and 
gave it to Thor. Loke laughed at the hammer because 
it had a short, clumsy handle ; but the brownies had put 
magic into it. 

Whenever Thor threw it at an enemy or against the 
clouds it would return to his hand. Thor liked his ham- 
mer better than any gift he ever had. He often drove his 
milk-white goats over the clouds to throw his hammer at 
the Frost Giants. 

When it lightened the earth, people would say, '^Thor 
is angry; see, his eyes fiash fire." And when it thundered, 
they would say, " Thor is throwing his hammer ; hear it 
strike against the clouds." 



SWITZERLAND. 

Up among the Alps lives Jeanne. Her house — or chalet, 
as she calls it — is built of logs and rough boards. How low 
and broad it is ! It is only one story high. See the great 
rocks on the roof. The rocks will keep the house from 
being blown away by winter winds. 



HOME IN THE ALPS. 



There are only a few square windows in the chalet. In- 
side the house is only one large room. Here Jeanne helps 
her mother make butter and cheese. In the winter even- 
ings she sits beside the fire and knits stockings. 



130 AROUND THE WORLD. 



SPEING ! SPRINa ! HO FOR THE MOUNTAIlSr SLOPE ! 

As spring comes on and the- warm tli of the snn is felt, 
the snow quickly melts from the mountain slopes and 
invites the herdsmen from the valley below. 

A procession is then formed, consisting of the inhab- 
itants of the village, dressed in holiday clothes and gay 
with ribbons, with which the animals are also decked. A 
band of music pours forth its lively strains, and the vil- 
lage pastor pronounces his benediction on the interesting 
doings of the day. 

The cattle, who seem to understand perfectly what is 
going forward, appear almost frantic with joy at being 
released from their long imprisonment, and the procession 
moves upward to the high pasture ground on the mountain 
side, often at a distance of several miles from the village. 
The path thither winds through black and solemn pine 
forests, over roaring torrents, and not unfrequently across 
glaciers and snow fields. 

On reaching the pasture ground, the cattle, each one 
bearing a bell, range at will over the flowery and fragrant 
turf. 

The herdsmen take up their abode for the summer in 
the mountain chalets, while their wives and families gen- 
erally remain below. The cattle are driven in twice or 
three times a day to be milked, and the process of milking 
and cheese-making continues almost without interruption 
all the summer. 



SWITZERLAND. 



131 




They stay there all summer, Pierre and Jeanne coming 
home often to bring the large pails of fresh milk. At 
last the days grow colder and the leaves fall. Then they 
bring their flocks home. 

This is the song they sing as they come down the 
mountains : 

" Farewell to the pastures 
So simny and bright^ 
The herdsman must leave you 
When summer takes flight. 
'' To pastures and meadows. 
Farewell, then, once more ! 
The herdsman must go. 
For the summer is o^er/' 



133 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



In the summer time this little Swiss girl lives most of 
the time out of doors. She picks sweet strawberries for 

supper. She will have yel- 
low cream on her berries, 
but no sugar. 

She helps take care of 
the cows and goats on the 
mountain slopes. Some- 
times she wanders far away 
from the mountain chalet. 
When Jeanne's papa or 
brother Pierre go out to 
look for her and find her 
nowhere in sight, they 
shout loudly, and then 
listen, and soon they hear 
the sound of Jeanne's 
trumpet away up the 
mountain side, and they 
know she is safe. 
Sometimes the cows stray far away from Jeanne. Then 
she sounds her trumpet with a peculiar call, sits down, 
and waits patiently, and after a while the cows, who all 
know her, will come back to her. 

She often goes down to her home in the valley to carry 
berries, fresh milk, and some nice cakes of cheese to her 
mother and sisters. 

She does not mind the rough walk up and down the 
mountain, as she always wears strong wooden shoes. 




SWISS aiKL. 



SWITZERLAND. 



133 



Sometimes in the fall, after tlie cheese-making is finished, 
Jeanne straps on her back an odd-looking basket filled 
with cakes of Swiss cheese, and taking another basket- 
load in her hand, she trndges off to the nearest market 
place. She has a table 
there, and on it she 
spreads a white cloth 
and lays out the cakes 
of cheese in all sorts 
of attractive forms. 
She spends the day 
there, or such part of 
it as is necessary for 
the sale of her stock, 
and then, before dark- 
ness comes on, she 
hastens home again, 
with empty baskets 
but full purse. Did 
you ever eat Swiss 
cheese ? Jeanne and 
Pierre are very fond 

of sandwiches made with a slice of cheese and coarse rye 
bread. 

Although Jeanne lives in the country, away from any 
town, and spends much time roving through the fields, 
she is very fond of pretty clothes of bright colors made 
especially for her Sunday toilet. 

How would you like a dress like Jeanne's ? 




JEANNE GOING TO MARKET. 



134 . AROUND THE WORLD. 

One beautiful summer day some strange men came to 
Jeanne's cottage door. Tliey were travelers from far over 
the ocean. One of tliese men told Jeanne that lie had a 
little daughter at home just her age. 

These travelers wanted some one to guide them over 
the mountains. So Jeanne's brother Pierre said he would 
go with them to show them the way. Merrily they left 
the little cottage. 

The next day they came back again, bringing Pierre 
with them. He had fallen and hurt his foot. He 
had to sit still on the porch for a long time. And what 
did he do all this time ? With a sharp knife and some 
wood he carved many beautiful things. For many days 
he worked on the case of a Swiss clock with fine net-work 
and a beautiful little chalet perched on top. When it 
was finished he took it to a clockmaker in the city and 
sold it for a good price, and with the money he bought 
some pretty Christmas presents for Jeanne. Have you 
ever seen a Swiss clock like that ? 

He carved a beautiful chamois one day. 

Pierre had seen many chamois on the mountains and had 
hunted them. Many times he had seen them jump from 
rock to rock. They can run where you would be afraid to 
walk. Chamois are afraid of hunters and run swiftly 
away on their approach, so it is very difi&cult to capture 
them. 

Have you ever seen a chamois skin? For what is it 
used, and where does it come from ? Why are they so 
expensive ? 




HAUNTS OF THE CHAMOIS. 



136 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



This is not a picture 
of "little boy blue," but 
of a Swiss boy. Yes, lie 
is blowing his horn, and 
can you tell why ? 

His father is far up on 
the hillside, but he hears 
the horn. This is the 
way he tells his father 
that supper is ready and 
waiting. 

And where has his 
father been all day, and 
what has he been doing ? 

He has been caring for 
the goats and sheep. 

He brings home large 
pails of goats' milk, and his family will have warm milk 
for supper. 







SWISS BOY. 




SWITZERLAND. 



137 




INSIDE A CHAUET. 



Look at tLe interior of the home of Pierre and Jeanne. 
While it is not as fine as your home, they think it is very 
comfortable, especially when the winter storms begin and 
the snow is piled deep all through the valley. Pierre's pet 
cow and Jeanne's pet lamb are quite at home in the chalet. 

See the alpenstock which Jeanne's father holds under 
his arm. He has needed it very much to-day, as he has 
Just come from the slippery paths on the mountain. 

In the winter, when everything is buried in snow, it is 
very convenient to have a large supply of good dry w^ood. 
How would you like to live in a Swiss chalet like this ? 



138 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Come with me and I will show you one of the grandest 
mountains in the world. This is a picture of Mont Blanc, 
the highest peak in the Alps. " Blanc " means white, so 




CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC, PBENCH ALPS. 

this is the white mountain. As Ave look at this mountain 
our eyes are almost dazzled with its brightness. 

'' Mont Blanc is the monarcli of mountains ; 
Tliey crowned liim long ago^ 
On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds. 
With a diadem of snow.^' 

As this mountain always wears its cap of white snow, 
has it not been well named ? The ice and snow on Mont 



SWITZERLAND. 



139 



Blanc look very near to uk And yet, on mule-back we 
could not reach it in less tlian two hours. 




HOSPICE ST. BERNARD. 



It would take us three whole days to climb Mont Blanc. 
Here lies the village of Chamounix at the foot of the moun- 
tain. Can you see some of the large hotels for travelers ? 



140 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Welcome to St. Bernard ! Here you would be cared for 
by tlie kind monks wko keep this bospice. 

If you are cold you will find warmtb inside tbe great 
building ; if you are hungry you will be fed ; and if you are 



fjM^^^ 




SWISS BOYS. 



sick you will be nursed. Is not St. Bernard a welcome 
sight after your long climb in the snow ? 

But how can they have great fires in the hospice, for I 
see no woods or trees. The monks must send twelve 



SWITZERLAND. 



141 



miles, to some of the valleys far below them, to get their 
fire-wood, and sometimes boys bring it up to them. 

Is it always winter here ? Yes and no. Snow falls 
nearly every day in the year. Perhaps the monks would 
tell you that they have summer during July, August, and 
September, for then the lake in front of the hosj^ice is not 
frozen. 

This house is much like a great hotel. It is so large that 




THE RESCUE. 



it will hold three hundred people at one time. Do you see 
a small building near the large one ? If the hospice should 
burn, this smaller house could be used as a place of refuge 
by the monks and travelers. 

THE STORY OF HECTOR, THE ST. BERNARD DOG. 

The little inn had but few guests on Christmas Eve. 
But near the door a traveler stood, who, with knapsack girt 
and staif in hand, was all ready for a mountain walk. 



143 AROUND THE WORLD. 

The keeper of tlie inn said to tlie traveler : 

^' Nay, stay to-night, the way is long ; 
Dark clouds are flitting o^er the sky ; 
A storm is brewing, trust my word, 
I hear the raven^s warning cry/' 




WELCOME TO TRAVELERS. 



" Nay, press me not," the man said, " for I must get home 
by Christmas Day." 

So he left the inn and started on his way. The wind 
blew colder and colder, and the snow began to fall. 

Night fell, and the traveler had lost his way. He sank 
helpless to the ground. To stay there was certain death. 

In the valley below him is the Hospice of St. Bernard. 



SWITZERLAND. 



143 



" It is a wild night," the monks say. " Let us go with the 
dogs and save some perishing life." 

So, taking torches and ropes, the monks and dogs start 
out. Soon the dogs are on a scent ; the monks follow. 

The dogs come to a dangerous pass on the mountain 



«lP \-VrT^'t. ****** '%'^" 




'•Sm:-<*. 








'n 




SIMPLON PASS, SWITZEBLAND. 



side and wait for their masters. Then, at the command, 
they creep down the pass, and now they come upon the 
almost frozen traveler. With the kind care of the monks 
the traveler will be saved. 

But where is Hector, one of the brave dogs ? His com- 
panions seek him in vain. 



144 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



They will never find him, for a great mass of snow slid- 
ing down the mountain side has buried him. The noble 
dog Hector has lost his life for another, and has met a 
hero's death. 

How can you cross the Alps ? You can go on the rail- 
road train if you wish, but I shall take a carriage trip 




LAKE LUCERNE. 



across the mountains. Then I can see the snow-covered 
peaks, the valleys and beautiful lakes. 

These roads in the Alps must often be repaired. Great 
masses of snow and rocks sometimes sweep down and 
destroy parts of the roads. 

I would like to take the route over the Simplon Pass. 
Then I could see the great roads built by Napoleon. 



SWITZERLAND. 



145 



The soldiers built six hundred bridges. In some places 
they had to cut away great masses of rock. Can you 
guess how long it took NajDoleon to finish these roads and 
bridges ? 

Napoleon's first question to those who were doing this 
work was, "When can the cannon be sent across the Sim- 




iLUUXT KIGl. 



plon ? " There is one large hospice in this Pass. It is 
much like the Hospice of St. Bernard. 

For a few cents we can have a ride in a Swiss boat. 
These little boats can be found in many places on the 
shores of Lake Lucerne. Of course we must take a boat 
ride on this lake, for the view from here is grand. 

The steep sides of the mountains rise from the side of the 
lake. In the distance we can see Mt. Pilate. The Swiss 
people w^ho live near this mountain would tell you that 

10 



146 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



" Old Pilate " is the clerk of tlie weather. "What does that 

mean ? 

"If Pilatus wears his hood. 
Then the weather is always good ; 



If he draws his dirk again. 
We shall surely have rain/' 




ST. GOTTHAKD KAILWAT, SWITZERLAND. 



The " hood " is a rain cloud that sometimes hides the 
top of the mountain. The "dirk" is a thin cloud that 
cuts the "hood." 

As at Mount Rigi, there is a railroad up Old Pilatus. If 
you. look shar2:)ly at the picture, you can see the railroad. 
When you visit Mount Eigi you can leave your alpenstock 



SWITZERLAND. 



147 



at home. You can take a seat in a car and ride up tlie 
mountain. 

This is not one of the highest mountains in the Alps, 




MATTERHORN. 



but the view from the top is beautiful. It seems strange to 
take a seat in a car in front of the engine. The engine always 
pushes the car in front of it when climbing a mountain. 
Did you ever ride in an open car before ? In this car 



148 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



you are able to look about you on all sides. Tlie train 
moves no faster tban you can walk, so you have a good 
ckance to see tlie mountain. 

After an hour's ride you reach the top. Now far below 
you, you can see the rivers that look like ribbons. There 









INTBRLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND. 



is Lake Lucerne, that looks to you no larger than a little 
piece of looking-glass. All around you can see the snow- 
capped 23eaks. 

Would you like to climb the Matterhorn ? Do you 
know what dangers are ahead of you, and do you know 
how few have ever climbed that great snow-covered moun^ 



SWITZEKLAND. 149 

tain ? I can tell you of many travelers wlio have lost 
tlieir lives on the Matterhorn. 

Climb if you will, but remember that courage and 
strength are nothing without care. Do nothing in 
haste, look well to each step, and from the beginning 
think what may be the end if you make a mistake. 

You must have a long and stout rope, a bag of food 
that will last several days, and an ice pick. You will 
need something to keep you from falling on the ice 
and snow. You must wear a pair of heavy shoes 
with nails on the soles, or a pair of crampons. These 
crampons can be fastened to your shoes, and the 
spikes will keep you from falling. Do not forget 
your alpenstock, for you will need that most of all. | 

When you and your friends have hired guides you 
start on your journey. You climb all day up the 
pleasant green slopes of the mountain. At night you 
rest at one of the little Swiss chalets. 

In the morning, long before the sun comes up, you 
are on your way again. Soon you come to snow and 
ice. Now you must walk in single file and be tied 
up with a rope which will hold you all from falling. 
Only one man can move at a time. If he should slip 
he could not slide more than a foot without being alpen- 

-, , -, STOCK. 

stop]>ed by the others. 

You will probably spend the second night in a tent which 
one of the guides will put up. You will be very lucky if 
you have no thunder storms, snow storms, or wind storms, 
or falling stones and ice, to hinder you. It is cold, very 



150 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 




cold ! On the tMrcl morning 
you reach the summit of the 
Matterhorn. Does it seem 
possible that any one of us 
could climb it ? 

From the top you can see 
mountains, mountains, far and 
near. You can see all of the 
highest peaks of the Alps ; also 
the green valleys and many of 
the pi'etty lakes and streams far 
below you. 

Do you wonder that these 
beautiful flowers are Jeanne's 
favorites ? The name of the 
flower is "edelweiss." Shall I tell 
you the meaning of the name ? 
" Edel " tells us that the plant is 
noble. '^ Weiss " means white, so 
this is a picture of the noble white flower of Switzerland. 



EDELWEISS. 



SWITZERLAND. 



151 



The edelweiss grows high up on the mountains. Jeanne 
often finds it growing only a few inches from a bank of snow. 




CLIMBING TO REACH EDELWEISS, 



I have known travelers to risk their lives in order to pick 
these flowers. Here is a picture of a boy climbing to reach 



15^ 



ABPUKD THE WORLD. 



the edelweiss wMcli grows just above Mm. Why must lie 
have heavy nails on the bottom of his shoes ? 

What are your favorite flowers ? Little Jeanne is very 
fond of roses. The only roses she ever sees are those that 

grow wild on the hillsides. 
Can you tell why they are 
called alpine roses ? 

They are reddish and 
purple in color. They 
are very pretty with their 
dark green leaves. Here 
on the mountain sides 
Jeanne finds violets and 
dandelions too. But best 
of all, she sometimes finds 
the lovely pink forget-me- 
nots. 

I am the chamois. My 

CHAMOIS. J 

home is way, way up on 
the sides of the Alps. In summer I live very near the 
snow on the mountains. In winter I come down a little 
way and live in the woods. I do not enjoy living in the 
woods, for I cannot then run and lea23 from rock to rock. 
I can leap thirty feet ; could you do that ? 

My coat now is of a dark brown color, for it is summer. 
In the winter I shall wear a pretty gray suit. What do I 
eat ? When I can get them I eat plants and flowers ; but 
in the winter I live on young shoots and the buds of the fir 
and pine trees. 




SWITZERLAND. 153 

I belong to a large family. Twenty of us live together, 
and wlien we are feeding we have sentinels posted. Do 
you know what sentinels are ? 

If our sentinel should hear or see anyone coming to 
harm us, he would stamp on the ground with his fore feet 
and give a shrill whistle. Then we should all hurry away 
to some safer spot. 




What is the time ? I will tell you, for I have my watch 
here. Perhaps you would like to look at it, for I do not 
think you have ever seen one just like it. 

Is it not pretty ? My aunt brought it to me from Swit- 
zerland last summer. It is called a Geneva watch, as it 
was made in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. 

I have seen pretty red, blue, and other colored Swiss 
watches. Have you ever seen one set with precious stones ? 



154 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




A SWISS WATCH. 



I cannot tell you how many, many peo- 
ple in Geneva make watches. All the 
parts of these watches are made by hand. 
This takes much more work and time than 
to make the parts by machinery, as we do 
in our own country. The Swiss people 
make beautiful clocks, too. 

Here is the city of Geneva where so 
many watches are made. This beautiful 
city is on the shore of Lake Geneva. 
Look at the Swiss boats. I wish you could see this 

sheet of very clear water. Visitors come from all parts of 

the world to visit 

this city and lake. 

See the mountains all 

around the lake. 
How glad I am 

that the day is clear. 

Now we can see Mont 

Blanc, always wear- 
ing its white cap. I 

have had friends stay 

in Geneva some time 

and not see Mont 

Blanc at all. From 

this lake, high up in 

the mountain, flows 

the River Ehone. 

Perhaps you would a swiss girl. 




SWITZERLAND. 



155 



like to hear about one of my Cliristmas presents. I tliink 
a great deal of it, for it was brought a long way to me. 

Last year one of my friends crossed the ocean and spent 
many weeks traveling in different countries. She went to 
see the beautiful Alps in Switzerland. Here she bought 











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me a pajDer-cutter. It is black walnut, and beautifully 
carved. 

A great many people in Switzerland earn their living 
by carving beautiful things out of wood. On the blade 
of the paper-knife is the name "Luzern." That is the 
name of the city in Switzerland where this paper-cutter was 
bought. 

Many other beautiful carved articles are found in all 
parts of Switzerland. 



SWITZERLAND. 157 



THE PRISONER OF CHILLON^o 

My liair is gray, but not witli years, 

I^or grew it white 

In a single niglit 
As men's liave grown from sudden fears ; 
My limbs are bowed, tHough not witli toil, 

But rusted witli a vile repose, 
For tliey have been a dungeon's spoil. 

And mine lias been the fate of those 
To whom the goodly earth and air 
Are banned and barred — forbidden fare : 
But this was for my father's faith 
I suffered chains and courted death ; 
That father perished at the stake 
For tenets he would not forsake; 
And for the same his lineal race 
In darkness found a dwelling place ; 
We were seven w^ho now are one, 

Six in youth and one in age, 
Finished as they had begun, 

Proud of persecution's rage ; 
One in fire and two in field, 
Their belief with blood have sealed ; 
Dying as their father died, 
For the God their foes denied : 
Three were in a dungeon cast, 
Of whom this wreck is left the last. 



158 AROUND THE WORLD. 

There are seven pillars of GotMc mold 
In Chillon's dungeons deep and old ; 
There are seven columns, massy and gray., 
Dim with a dull imprisoned ray, 
A sunbeam which hath lost its way, 
And through the crevice and the cleft 
Of the thick wall is fallen and left ; 
Creeping o'er the floor so damp, 
Like a marsh's meteor lamp : 
And in each pillar there is a ring, 

And in each ring there is a chain. 
That iron is a cankering thing, 

For in these limbs its teeth remain, 
With marks that will not wear away 
Till I have done with this new day. 
Which now is painful to these eyes. 
Which have not seen the sun so rise 
For years — I cannot count them o'er ; 
I lost their long and heavy score 
When my last brother drooped and died, 
And I lay living by his side. . . . 



Lake Leman lies by Chillon's walls : 
A thousand feet in depth below. 
Its massy waters meet and flow ; 
Thus much the fathom-line was sent 
From Chillon's snow-white battlement, 

Which round about the wave enthralls 



SWITZERLAND. 159 

A double dungeon wall and wave 

Have made — and like a living grave 

Below the surface of the lake 

The dark vault lies wherein we lay; 

We heard it ripple night and day ; 
Sounding o'er our heads it knocked ; 

And I have felt the winter's spray 

Wash through the bars when winds were high 

And wanton in the happy sky ; 

And then the very rock hath rocked, 
And I have felt it shake unshocked, 

Because I could have smiled to see 

The death that would have set me free. 



SWITZERLAND. 161 

Shall we not watcli this great snow fight ? See the 
snow fort, how well it is made ! And here are a hundred 
boys fighting. Half of the boys are inside of the fort. 
The rest of the boys are outside the fort attacking it. 

Who is the boy commanding the attack? He is the boy 
who made the plans for the fort. All the boys do just as 
their commander tells them. Shall I tell you his name ? 
It is Napoleon Bonaparte, and you shall hear of him 
again. 

Here is a great army about to cross the Alps. The com- 
mander looks at the shoes of the horses. They must be 
put on to stay for some time. Each soldier has food for 
several days. Who is the commander of this great 
army ? 

The commander of the snow fort is now a man and the 
commander of this army. 

" Is it possible," asks Napoleon, " to cross this pass of 
St. Bernard ? " 

" Perhaps," the guide replies. 

"Forward, then." 

All these soldiers must inarch in the narrow path up 
the mountains. The line of soldiers Avill be twenty miles 
long. Those w^ho have horses must lead them. Some of 
the horses will slide on the ice and sno\\^, and sometimes 
fall over the steep sides of the mountains. How can the 
cannon be carried over these passes ? 

The soldiers take large trees and hollow them out, and 

put the cannon into the hollow spaces in the trees. "The 

horses can now draw the logs and cannon 11^3 the mountains. 
11 



162 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



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CUBA. 



MOEl^ING m HAYAJSTA. 



What a beautiful view we liave of the city of Havana 
from this bluff across the bay. 

Do you think there are many hills in the city ? 

You can see the military hospital. Back of it stands 
the arsenal, with the American flag waving over it. 

'^ Good morning, Castro, where are you going with your 
long line of horses ? " 

It is early morning. We are in Cuba, looking across the 
Harbor of Havana. 

Castro is comino- down the street with a dozen horses. 
He is riding on the first one. Each horse is tied by the 
nose to the tail of the horse in front of him. 

"Your horses look very funny, Castro; where are they 
going ? " " To take their bath, of course," answers Castro. 
" Down on the coral beach where the water is cool and 
shallow, we give a bath to all the cab horses and horses 
from the street cars every day." "Do they like it?" 
" Like it ? Yes, indeed, for the sun is very hot in Cuba." 
" Is it ever cold here ? " But Castro has o^one into the shoals 
on his horse. Perhaps you can tell us about the seasons 
in Cuba. 



164 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




CUBA. 



165 



Across Havana Harbor you can see Morro Castle. It 
stands on a long point of land that reaches far out of 
Havana Harbor, like a protecting arm. 

Morro is a great pile of stone. Inside the Castle are 
great guns, which can be aimed at any ship which is not 
wanted in the harbor. 

Under the Castle is a deep dungeon. Prisoners do not 




HAVANA HARBOR AND MORRO. 



like to be sent there. High up on Morro Castle is the 
beacon light, which shows the sailor where to steer at 
night. 

A short time ago no one was allowed to bring his vessel 
into the harbor at night. The vessels waited outside 
until sunrise, w^hen they received a visit from the captain 
of the port ; then, if every thing was satisfactory, they could 
enter the beautiful Harbor of Havana, and go up to one 
of its busy docks. Now the old rules are changed. 



166 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Let US take a walk. How narrow and crooked the streets 
are in Havana. Only the new streets are as broad as our 
own at home. 

The walls of the houses are very thick. That is because 
they have earthquakes and hurricanes very often. 

How bright the houses are. Some of them are painted 
white. This one is green, and the next one is dark blue. 

Many of the houses are built of adobe. Where did we 
find other houses made of adobe ? 

The best houses are built much like those we find in 
Mexico. The rooms are built around a hollow square 
called a " patio." In the center there is a garden full of 
tropical plants, with a fountain, where people like to sit 
when it is hot. In the evening they can sit on the flat 
roof of the house, under the tall ferns that grow there in 
great tubs. 




CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 

Do you remember the name of 
the first man who came across the 
Atlantic ocean ? Cuba was one 
of the first islands which Chris- 
topher Columbus found. The 
Spaniards and some people of 
Havana believe that his body 
was placed in this cathedral. 

Other people say that his son's 
body was brought here by mistake, 
and not Christopher's body. The 



CUBA. 



167 




PATIO OF CUBAN HOME. 



168 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




THE CATHEDRAL AT HAVANA. 



church is built of coral rock, which looks like blocks of 
gray sponge. 

The church is very old and not very clean on the out- 
side. Inside there are many things which cost much 
money, but we like best to go and stand in the little 



CUBA. 



169 



corner where the body of the son of Columbus rested. 
They were both brave men. 

A beautiful monument to Columbus was to be built in the 
middle of the church. The Spaniards have now taken 
the body back to Spain. Can you tell why they did this? 



ON THE WHAEVES. 



" What do your people send away in those great casks 
and boxes, Castro ? " " Haven't you heard of Havana 







PLOWING IN CUBA. 



cigars ? " asks Castro. " I think you would find boxes 
and boxes of fine cigars in those cases." 

Sure enough, and you send sugar from Cuba also, tied 
up in odd-looking bales. If you will look on the map you 
will see that Cuba is a long, narrow island. Nearly every 
one Avho lives here can reach the ocean very easily. 

That is one reason why we have not more good roads. 



170 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



People can take their fruit and sugar and tobacco to tlie 
coast and send it away on sailing vessels. 

There are many towns along tlie coast wliere sailing 
vessels and small steamers come to buy fruit and sugar 
and tobacco. 

What a clumsy yoke these oxen wear ! The plow has 
only one handle, and is made of wood. Do you remember 
why the Mexicans would not use a steel plow ? 











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This wooden plow will not go down very deep, but the 
soil is so rich it is not necessary. Tobacco grows very 
well almost everywhere in Cuba. 

We do not know what this man will plant, but we can 
be sure that whatever is planted will be ready to harvest 
in forty days. How many weeks in forty days ? In how 
many weeks will corn ripen where you live ? 

One of our soldier boys planted some corn in front of 
his tent. In two days it was out of the ground. In ^ve 



CUBA. 171 

days it was ten inches high. Then came an order to break 
camp. The soldier pulled up his little corn stalk and sent 
it home in a letter. It had grown twelve inches in six 
days after it was a kernel of corn. 

These carts are built to use in the narrow, crooked 
streets. The wheels are very large so that they may not 
be buried in the mud during the rainy season. 

Very little wheel grease has been used on them, I am 
sure, for they creak badly as the poor oxen drag them 
slowly along. 

What heavy yokes the oxen wear ! Do you think four 
oxen would be needed to draw this cart over a good road ? 
Did you ever see a farmer drive oxen ? Did he walk 
beside them ? 

Can you guess what this farmer is bringing to market in 
his wagon ? How do you think that he guides the oxen 
from his seat on the wagon ? 




TKAVELIKG FEED STORE. 



What is this comina; down the street ? It looks like a 
row of four-footed hay-mows. Now we can see a horse's 



173 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



head coming out from each great load of hay. Sure 
enough, as they come nearer we find that each hay-mow 
has a horse under it. 

Far away from the cities the roads are so poor that no 
cart can go over them. After every rainy season the far- 
mer must take his machete with him to cut a path through 
the tangled thicket when he goes to market. 

He makes a path wide enough for his pony and its load. 
The pony tramps patiently through the deep mud, as if he 
liked it. 

Here is another four-footed market moving down the 




rOUR-FOOTED MARKET. 



CUBA. 173 

street to meet us. Can you see how many different things 
this market-man has loaded on the back of his patient 
pony? 

Yes; there are mangoes and bananas, cocoanuts, pine- 
apples, oranges, and lemons. Which will you buy ? 

The mangoes are reddish-yellow and speckled with 
black, and are about as large as a hen's egg. After you 
have eaten the pulp, which is yellow and very juicy, you 
will find a flat stone. Crack the stone, and you will like 
the meat inside. 

HOW BANAE^AS GEOW. 

The Cuban children like bananas. Their mothers bake 
the green bananas in the oven. If you should prick the 
skin of a banana with a fork and bake it for twenty min- 
utes, I think you would like it as well as they do. 

If the banana could talk to you it might say, "I came 
from Cuba. While I w^as living near the top of our tall 
tree with its great, broad leaves, I saw a banana farm 
planted near us in the swampy woods. 

" The trees were left standing to shade the men from the 
hot sun while they cut away the bushes and measured the 
farm with long ropes. Red tapes were tied six yards apart 
all along the rope. 

" Men stretched the rope along the ground, and planted 
small shoots from banana trees at every red tape. Some 
carpets are a yard wide. Can you think how far apart the 
sprouts were set ? The next week men came and cut down 
the forest trees. They left the sprouts to grow for six 



174 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



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BANANA ORCHARD. 



CUBA. 175 

months ; then they came and cut down the grass and weeds 
near them with machetes. The sprouts grew very fast 
and were soon great trees." 

At the end of a year big bunches of bananas could be 
cut from them. Will an apple tree bear good apples 
one year after it is planted ? 

There is a railroad track on this banana farm. The cars 
were sent down this track, and in two days all the great 
bunches of bananas were packed into them and sent to the 
New York boats waiting at the wharf. 

The man who owned the farm received only thirty cents 
for a large bunch and fifteen cents for a smaller one. When 
the boat reaches New York the best bunches are sold for 
^ve dollars each. 

We do not see many red bananas, because they do not 
keep as well on the long journey as the yellow ones. How 
many kinds of apples have you eaten ? There are as many 
kinds of bananas as there are of apples. Many of the 
Cuban people build their houses of the Royal Palm or the 
banana tree. 

THE MACHETE. 

When Cuba belonged to Spain, the Cubans paid much 
of their money to the Spanish government in taxes. Some 
of the Cubans said, "We will govern ourselves, and be 
free from such hea^^ and unjust taxes." 

The Spaniards said, "Send us money, or our soldiers will 
burn your homes and kill the men who do not obey us," 



176 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



"Our cliildren will starve if you take so mucli of our 
money," said the Cubans. " We will fight and save our 
homes. You have no right to make us obey you." 

The Spanish soldiers were sent to Cuba with cannon 
and guns. The Cubans were ready to fight to save their 
homes, but they did not have enough money to buy guns. 
" If we cannot have guns, we will fight with our machete," 
said the brave Cubans. 

The machete is a long steel blade with a bone handle. 
It was never made to fight with. The men had used it 
every day on their farms to cut down the tangled trees 
after a rain, or to beat down the bushes. They knew how 




1 




CUBAN CAVALRY ARMED WITH MACHETES. 



CUBA. 177 

to use the maclietes very well. The Spaniards dreaded to 
see a little company of Cubans dash down upon them, even 
if they had no guns. They found that each Cuban knew 
how to swing a machete. 

We are glad that the Cubans are free. They will never 
pay any more money to Spain. We hope there will never 
be another war where the niachete will be used. The 
Cubans will be glad to use the machete only on their farms. 

12 



178 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




CUBA. 179 

THE VOLAl^TE. 

Wliat a strange carriage ! Did you ever see one tliat 
looked at all like it ? 

What strange wheels, and what a queer top it has ! This 
carriage is called a volante. Fifty years ago all the ladies 
in Cuba liked to drive about the cities in their volantes. 
Late in the afternoon or in the evening, when it became 
cool, the driver brought the volante to the door. The 
driver was dressed in a bright red suit trimmed with gold 
or silver lace and many buckles or bright buttons. The 
ladies liked to wear bright silk dresses, and fine lace shawls 
and scarfs. 

The volantes looked very fine as they passed along the 
streets. Sometimes the lady in one volante would ask her 
driver to stop so that she might talk with a lady in 
another volante. 

The ladies who did not care to drive walked up and 
down the broad walks near the city park or square. All 
were dressed very prettily and seemed happy. 

The band played in the square every evening, and some 
of the boys and girls danced. 

No one has seen a lady driving in a volante for many 
years now. There has been so much trouble in Cuba that 
the ladies have not cared so much about their pretty dresses. 

When they ride now they go on horseback, or in carriages 
very much like those that you see every day. Many of the 
ladies who were rich and owned fine horses are very poor 
pow, 



180 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




CUBA. 181 

THE KOUGH EIDEES IN CUBA. 

Have you heard of the Rough Riders in Cuba during 
the Spanish War ? Col. Leonard Wood and Lieut.-Col. 
Theodore Roosevelt were the leaders. They gathered 
strong and hardy men from the east and the west, from 
the north and the south, from the cities and from the 
plains. These men were used to rough work and knew 
how to take care of themselves. 

Many of them had been cowboys and could ride 
broncos, and could hit the mark every time with a rifle. 
They were brave men, and were glad when orders came 
for them to sail for Santiago. 

Have you ever heard how they charged up San Juan 
Hill amid the rain of bullets from the Spaniards, who were 
hidden away in the blockhouse on top of the hill ; how 
they, with other gallant soldiers, drove the Spaniards away 
and captured the forts, and finally captured Santiago ? 

When a Mauser bullet hits a man it knocks him down. 
As the men fell they did not scream or cry out. One man 
said quietly, " I'm hit ! " Others said nothing. The 
wounded men knew that their friends who were fighting 
would be worried about them. 

One of the fallen men said, '' Let's sing a song to show our 
comrades that we are not dead." So while the bullets were 
flying about them, the brave fellows, some of whom were 
dying, sang the "Star Spangled Banner." After the war, 
General Wood became Military Governor of Santiago, and 
Colonel Roosevelt was elected Governor of New York. 



183 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



TARANTULAS. 




We are glad to have cur- 
tains around our beds, for the 
tarantulas and scorpions hide 
in the dark cracks of the 
house. They do not make 
good bed-fellows. A tarantula 
is a great black spider. Its 
bite is very painful and some- 
times makes one sick for days. 
We are glad that he does not 
often bite anyone unless he 
thinks he is in danger. You 
may go your own way, Mr. Tarantula; we do not care 
to play with you. The Tarantula often lives in holes in 
the ground, lining the sides with silk and covering the top 
with a tower of sticks, laid up as a woodman would build 
a log cabin, cementing it together with mud. 



THE HOME OF THE TARANTULA. 



CUBA. 183 

SOOEPIONS, 

Scorpions look like tiny lobsters witli long, pointed tails. 
At the tip end of tke tail is a sting. Scorpions live on 
spiders and other insects. When the scorpion runs, it curls 
its tail up over its back; when it stings, it straightens the 
tail and brings it down suddenly. The wound swells and 
is very painful. The mother scorpion carries her baby 
about on her back, just as an Indian squaw carries her 
pappoose. 

In Ceylon they grow to enormous size, some being twelve 




SCORPION. 



inches in length ; but in Cuba they are only about four 
inches long. Sometimes they stow themselves away in a 
cargo of fruit, and then the men at Boston or IN'ew York, 
who are handling the fruit must be very careful, or Mr. 
Scorpion will make them remember him for many days. 



184 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




CUBA. 



185 




186 AROUKD TPIE WORLD. 

THE BATTLESHIP ^^ OREaON/' 

A short time before war with Spain began, this ship, 
which was built at San Francisco, was in Puget Sound. 

Look on some map and see how far a vessel must sail to 
come by water from Puget Sound to Florida. 

The name of this warship is the " Oregon." Captain 
Clark was her commander. 

When the sailors knew that war was sure to come they 
were very anxious to take part in it. To make that long 
trip quickly coal must be shoveled into the furnace all 
day and all night. The eugine-room was so very hot 
that no man could work there long at a time. But the 
men never shirked. Captain Clark said they begged to 
work overtime. 

On went the beautiful warship, faster and faster, through 
the Pacific Ocean, until she came to Peru. There she 
stopped for naore coal. The gunboat "Marietta" had 
been at Peru the week before, and had ordered hundreds of 
tons of coal to be ready for her big friend, the " Oregon." 

Away around the southern point of South America 
came the '^ Oregon." It was a great voyage for a battle- 
ship to make at such speed. 

The " Oregon " reached Florida in fifty-nine days, hav- 
ing steamed 14,700 miles without an accident. She only 
waited for more coal, then joined the fleet. When Cer- 
vera tried to escape from the harbor of Santiago on that 
beautiful Sunday morning of July 3d, one of the war- 
ships that helped destroy his fleet was the swift " Oregon." 



CUBA. 



187 




PORTO RICO. 




n mAiMmm'' 



A PORTO RICAN MILKMAN. 



Moo! Moo! Listen; do you hear tliat call? It means 
" Good morning, won't you come and buy your milk for 
to-day?" 

This milkman does not need any cans or bottles. He 
has no milk cart. If you bring out your pail he will milk 



PORTO RICO. 



189 



into it. Then lie will drive his cows down the street to 
the next house. 

How many different ways of selling milk have you read 
about ? Do you remember how the Mexican boys brought 
milk to town, and how the girls carried it in Switzerland, 
and in ^N'orway? 

It must be washing day at this woman's house. She is 
seated on a stone and has drawn the tub close to her. She 
never saw a clothes line. 
There are plenty of fresh 
green bushes back of her 
house. She will spread her 
clothes on the bushes to 
dry. 

The working men and 
w^omen like to wear coarse 
white clothes. They like 
to keep them clean, too. 

Did you ever hear about 
the street-sweepers in a cer- 
tain large city of America 
who wear white clothes and 
are called " White Wino;s " ? 
Do you know who orig- 
inated this custom ? Have you seen men and women in 
your town dressed in white as they like to dress in Cuba 
and Porto Rico? This woman has spread many of her 
clothes on the grass to dry. You will not often see 
whiter clothes than those she has washed. 





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PORTO lUCAN LAUNDRY. 



190 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



When slie gets to market and unpacks lier load she will 
cry, " Limes, lady, please buy my limes. You may have 
them for one dollar." The limes look like lemons, but a 
dollar is too much to pay, so we say, " No," and try to 
pass on. " Oh, but you may have them for half a dollar 1 " 





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ft 








L. 















GOING TO MABKET. 



cries the market woman. " No, we do not care for them." 
" Then take them for a quarter of a dollar." We walk on 
again, and she runs after us, saying : "" You may have them 
for ten cents." Does your market man change his prices 
like this ? 

We have eaten a great many kinds of fruits in Porto 
Hico that we never tasted before. We like the limes best 



PORTO RICO. 191 

of all. Limes are pickled and are sent to the United 
States. Did you ever eat a pickled lime ? 

Wkoa, Victor; let us pick some of tke fruit off this 
guava tree. It looks like little white pears, but it tastes 
more like spicy grapes. 

We will peal off the smooth yellow rind and eat the 




GATHERING GUAVAS. 



pulp. The rind is thin and crisp. The seeds are spicy 
and sweet. 

When I go home I will tell you about these guava trees, 
for you like guava jelly. I wish you could have some of 
the marmalade they make here from the rind. 

There are many groves of guava trees in this part of 
Porto Rico. Now, go on, Victor, for we must get back to 
the fort before dark. 



193 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



IS 



What a fine road ! How firm and hard it is ! It 
made of crnslaed stone. 

It is the only good road that we have found in Cuba or 
Porto Eico, and was made by the Spanish government. It 
is called the Military Road. 

The men of Porto Pico were made to work on this road 




A native's home on the military koad. 



at fifty cents a day. Spanish soldiers watched them while 
they worked, to see that they did not run away. They 
could find easier work and better pay on the farms. All 
along the road we find little forts in which the Spanish 
soldiers lived, and little houses where the natives live. 



PORTO RICO. 



193 




No one could go over tlie road unless 
lie had a letter from tlie Spanisli gov- 
ernment. 

Good morning, Miguel ; vs^hat game 
do you shoot in Porto Rico ? " Oh, 
there are plenty of rab- 
bits and ducks, and 
turkey and other game. We like to 
hunt in wdnter Our winters are 
like the October w^eather in New 
England." 

Sometimes we get up very early 
and go away oii into the country. 

As soon as the sun rises the pigeons come to the mangle- 
berry swamps by hundreds. 

While they are eating the 

mangle berries for breakfast 

we can shoot dozens of them. 
These pigeons have queer 

little white top-knots on their 

heads. Their bodies are blu- 
ish black. My sister Melita 

likes to have me bring back 

enough pigeons for a big 

pigeon pie. She does not care 

for the rabbits and turkeys. 

This is a picture of Melita 

as she looked at a party last 

summer. 




194 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



PEACE m PORTO RICO. 

A wonderful thing happened near Aybonito not long 
ago. Just beyond the town, at a place where the Military 
Road runs along the top of a high ridge, the Spanish 




AYBONITO. 



soldiers were waiting for the Americans. They w^ere near 
a bend in the road and were hidden behind great rocks. 
Our men knew it would be like going into a trap to try 







toiiSba ' 
1 SouTR Eas^ 

-UuoalK. ^^ ".off ?>t*^«'- 



Scale of Miles. 



66° 
MAP OF PORTO RICO, 



PORTO RICO. 195 

to pass the Spanish guns. But they must take the Military 
Road, so all were eager to go forward. They planted their 
cannon and formed their lines and were all ready to iire. 
The brave men stood waiting for General Brooke to order 
them to move forward. 

Suddenly an officer came dashing through the ranks 
from the rear. He handed General Brooke a paper. It 
was a message with the news of peace. It came just in 
time to save the lives of many brave men, both Spanish 
and American. The battle would have been one of the 
most cruel of the war. 



PHILIPPINES. 




Almost four hundred years ago there lived a famous sea 
captain. What did he know about the earth ? Very little 

indeed. But Magellan, this cap- 
tain, wanted to know more. He 
wanted to show that the earth 
was round, by sailing around it. 

The king of Spain gave him five 
ships and more than two hundred 
men. Did he know where he was 
going? Not at all. Would we 
think now that we could cross 
the great ocean with a little 
sailing vessel? Many days and 
months and years he sailed. He came to South Amer- 
ica, and to a great sea, which he called the Pacific Ocean. 

At last he found the Philippine 
Islands. Can you guess why he gave 
them that name ? He named them 
after King Philip, of Spain. Look on 
the map and you will see these islands. 
Magellan landed on one of these 
islands, but he never left it, for he was 
killed by a chief. After three long 
years a single one of the five ships, 
with fifteen men, finally reached Spain. 




A CARAVEL, 



PHILIPPINES. 



197 



What had they done ? They had proved that the earth 
was round. Can you show their journey on a map ? 

I am Mindacilla and I live on the island of Luzon. 
My skin is not white like yours. My eyes are black and 




PHILIPPINE HOME. 



my hair straight and long. My dress is white and is made 
of " pina " cloth. 

My home is in a cocoanut grove. Our house is not on 
the ground, but is built on posts. In front of the house is 
the Pasig Kiver. My father has many cocoanut trees. 

We drink the milk in the nuts, and we eat the cocoanut 
meat. 

Ropes are made from the fibre of this tree. The roof is 



198 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 



made out of tlie leaves. We should not know wliat to do 
without the cocoanut. I often go fishing with my father. 
I do not think you ever saw a fishing boat just like his. 

Beside the boat there is a long raft. Do you see a long 
rope holding in place two tall poles ? Of what is this long 
rope made ? 

By letting out this rope, the great net is lowered into 




FISHING ON PASIG RiyER, MANILA. 



the water. When my father is ready he draws up the 
rope, and raises the net. In the net we find fish ; some- 
times there are only a few, but often we catch a great 
many. 

Little Mindacilla lives under the shadow of a high 
mountain. You would not want to, I am sure, when I tell 
you that it is the volcano Mayon. 



PHILIPPINES. 



199 







^--fr -"^-^st. 



W^^^ 



You may well be afraid of it, for it is not a still volcano, 
but is one tliat is always in motion. 

Mindacilla often ^\^atclles the great column of black 
smoke tkat pours out of tke 
top of the volcano. What 
happens when there is an 
eruption ? Mindacilla does 
not mind the earthquakes that 
shake the ground. In the 
towns of this island the 
houses cannot be more than 
two stories high. Why ? 

Here is a picture of a church 
tower ruined by an earth- 
quake. You would not care 
to be in a church during an 
earthquake. 

WATCH TOWERS. 

If you were to visit the 
Philippine Islands, you would 
see old stone towers near many 
villages. Why should there 
be so many, and what can they 
be used for? Most of the 
towers are old, and the rains 
and earthquakes have ruined some of them. Would you 
ever think of calling them Avatch towers ? 




KUINED CHURCH. 



300 



AROUND THE WORLD. 




WATCH TOWEK. 



Spaniards and natives, 
would kill tlie men and take the 
women and children away with 
them. / 

They made the women and little 
children their slaves. These pi- 
rates were good fighters. 

In the picture you see some- 
thing like a sword in the hand of 
this pirate. He would not call it 
by that name, but would tell you 
it is a "barong." He can cut 
very well with his " barong," for it 
is very sharp. 

Why have these pirates givea up 



Yes; many years ago, day 
and night, men watched 
from the windows. They 
could see far out to sea, 
but what were they looking 
for? It was well they 
watched, for pirate ships 
sailed all around the coasts. 
What harm would the pi- 
rates do ? Look at the pic- 
ture and tell me. 

These pirates would burn 
towns when they could. 
Many times they captured 
They 



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PHILIPPINE WARRIOR. 



PHILIPPINES.. 



201 



their visits ? Perliaps you can tell wlien you know tliat 
tlie Spaniards liave guns, and tliat tlie pirates liad only 
" barongs," spears, and boAvs and arrows. 




aiORO CHIEFS, ilLN-UANAO. 



202 



AROUND THE WORLD. 






\ 



■ im 







\:pM'i4M^^ 



PHILIPPINES. 203 

A NATIV^ VILLAGE. 

If you were to visit the island of Luzon, you would call 
it a great garden. Here is a picture of one of the towns. 
It has wide, smooth streets, which are so white that they 
glisten in the sunlight. 

These streets are made of white coral, and are swept 
twice a day. What happens when there is a fire ? Noth- 
ing is done to save the burning huts. 

One afternoon three thousand of these houses were 
burned, and many people were left homeless. Sometimes 
some of the houses are pulled down to stop a fire from 
spreading. When there is a fire the people steal from one 
another. They often lose both their houses and their furni- 
ture. What kind of furniture do you think the Filipinos 
have in their houses ? 

You may think that these are summer houses. IN'o ; in 
one of these houses a little girl lives all the year round. 
One of Mindacilla's friends lives here and they often visit 
each other. 

It is a pretty little hut, but oh, how small for a large 
family ! Think how dark it must be inside. But there 
is the open door, and a window. In the place of glass is 
a thin oyster shell. What a small window! 

In Mindacilla's house there are a number of windows. 
They are quite large, and have in them oyster shells, cut 
into squares. The squares are so small that there are 
sometimes two hundred in one window. The light from 
outside shines through the thin oyster shells. 



204 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



1^ 

C iLAYA^s ^^BABuyAM Islands 

-| Pt. 



/g.O*f 



Tl^i- 




ISLAND, 
Bnliluyan Pt.^^ Antonio Bay 

_ .A * BOUGSOCK I, 

Balabac I.f MT'SrD 

BALABAC^ STRAIT -uxxs^ U 



P4»S IXTTARaN . ^gv- •^'■'"'<' 

^Jv' Ssranpint 

*^> SsftANGANI Is. 



MAP OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



PHILIPPINES. 



205 



This boy is Sultan of tlie island of Sulu. What does 
that mean ? Why, he is king of thousands of dark-colored 
people like himself. 

Is he old enough to rule, now ? No, it will be a number 
of years before he 
will be a real Sultan. 
Armies of men are 
ready to fight for him, 
yet he is always in fear 
of being killed. 

I have seen another 
picture of the little 
Sultan. In that picture 
he was riding a beauti- 
ful black pony. Many 
of his soldiers were 
near him. One of 
them had on a suit 
of mail. 

All of the soldiers 
had long swords, and 
some of them carried 
guns. If they were 
fighting, where would 
they carry their cartridges? If you should look at their 
cheeks you would see that they carried them in their 
mouths. 

Many of their guns are very old, and with them these 
soldiers cannot hit a mark as our soldiers do. 




SULTAN OF SULU. 



206 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



Let us take a walk tlirougli the little town of Caloocan, 
near Manila. Wkat shall we see ? Early in the morning 
we shall find it cool and pleasant. All the business of 
the town is done between six and ten o'clock in the early 
part of the day. From ten o'clock until four o'clock you 




PHILIPPINE KOAD HOUsE. 



will see very few persons in the streets. Where is every 
one ? It is so hot during the middle of the day that it is 
not safe to venture out, and all who can do so take their 
midday nap, called a " siesta," at this time. Late in the 
afternoon and in the evening every one comes out. 

As we walk along the street shaded by the great palm 



PHILIPPINES. 



207 



leaves, we see many little stores in front of the native 
houses, where refreshnaents are sold to tlie passerby. Here 
is a picture of a Philippine road house. Its roof and walls 
are made of matting and bamboo. You can buy all sorts 
of native refreshments here — bean porridge, fruit of all 
kind, and drinks, hot and cold. 



WATER BUFFALO AND SLEDS. 

It is very warm where Mindacilla lives. In her land 
there are the rainy and the dry seasons. How can Minda- 
cilla's father get about out of doors in the rainy season ? 

His water buffalo is the only 
animal that can carry him, and 
he rides "buffalo-back." He 
cannot go very fast in this w^ay, 
in the deep mud and water. 
He is sure to come to a rush- 
ing stream, too deep for the 
buffalo to wade or swim 
through. The only way to 
travel now is by boat. 

In the dry season Mindacilla 
often rides with her father on 
a buffalo sled. I think it must 
be hard for the buffalo, but he 
is very strong. . mindacilla. 




HAWAII. 

Here we are at tlie Hawaiian Islands in the very middle 
of the great Pacific Ocean ! We have come in a great 
steamer from San Francisco. 

The water in the bay is as clear as crystal. 

At the wharf we see many boys waiting to dive for the 
dimes which they hope will be thrown to them. Here is 
a dime ; toss it toward the shore. Splash ! go a dozen 
boys, and down they dive. One boy comes up with the 
dime, and holding it between his teeth turns a high somer- 
sault off the boards into the water. That is his way of 
saying " I thank you." 

It is very funny, and while they are waiting to land, the 
people on the boat toss dimes to the boys. By the time 
we go ashore the quickest boys have their mouths full 
of dimes. 

One day a small steamer called " Claudine " sailed away 
from Hawaii. The wharves were full of people to see her 
start. On board were ^ve men whom they were sending 
to the United States Government at Washington. These 
men had been told to ask if Hawaii might become a part 
of the United States. After thinking about it five years, 
our government said '' Yes." Now Hawaii is a part of our 
country. 



HAWAII. 



209 



Ai-.;.. 



^ 







14 



310 AROUND THE WORLD. 

ELOWER GIRLS. 

As we go up the street we find the fiower girls sitting 
on their grass mats. Their flowers are made up into 
wreaths. Here come some girls to buy wreaths for their 
friends. The friends are going away on the boat, and the 
girls will toss the wreaths over their heads when they say 
good-by. 

If there is a young man in the party they like to cover 
him with wreaths just to tease him. 

Every one wears flowers. The wreaths are very beauti- 
ful. The flower girls try to find the finest flowers in the 
woods. They put them together so that the colors will 
look pretty. Sometimes they make a long rope of 
flowers. 

Some of the flower sellers are Japanese girls. They 
are very happy in this country. Many of their people have 
come here to live. 

LADIES ON HORSEBACK. 

On holidays the ladies of Hawaii like to dress in this 
way when they ride horseback. They wear lovely wreaths 
of flowers, and put great wreaths around their horses' 
necks. 

They do not use side-saddles, but wear a Pau instead. 
A Pau is a long, bright-colored cloth which is draped over 
the horse. It covers the stirrups and almost touches the 
ground. Here come ten women dashing down the street 



HAWAH. 



211 




212 AROUND THE WORLD. 

on their horses. They ride so fast that the Paus fly 

straight out behind like bright-colored wings. 

These people love horses, and almost every man and 
woman of the better class on the island ow^ns at least one, 
horse and can ride it well. The horses are very sure; 
footed. They climb the mountains and creep along the 
narrow paths and do not fall. When Americans first- 
came to this island there were no horses here. We are 
very glad that they brought horses and cows with them. 

HOMES m HAWAII. 

You will not find many grass houses in Hawaii to-day. 
Long ago all the people lived in these houses. The frame 
of the house is made of bamboo poles tied together with 
ropes. The ropes are made of palm leaf fibers. The roof 
and the sides of the house are thatched with fine grass. 

Do you know what " thatched " means ? Nearly all the 
cooking and eating are done outside of the house. The 
people go inside the houses only at night or on rainy days. 
Think how Hawaii must have looked when all the houses 
were made of grass. 

These people built their houses in much the same way 
as birds build theirs. A bird's little grass house is hung 
in the tree, so it needs a floor of grass and has no roof. 
These houses have no floor, for they are set on the ground. 
In a land where there are so many earthquakes such a house 
is safest. If your house should come tumbling down ujjon 
you, you would rather have it built of grass than of brick. 



HAWAII. 



313 



When they made a grass house for their chief, the people 
braided ferns into the corners. The ferns turned black as 
the house grew older. The grass was straw-color when it 
dried. You could always tell a chief's house by the black 
corners. 

Nearly all the people live in wooden houses now. Some 




3I0UEilX HOUiE IX nOXULULU. 



of the people have built very handsome houses, with wide 
lawns in front and beautiful gardens back of them. 

The poorer ]3eople like to build houses of wood that have 
open basements. They like to sleep on mats spread on the 
bare ground and to cook their food out of doors. Upstairs 



214 



ABOUND THE WORLD. 



they always liave a fine bedroom and a parlor. In the bed- 
room there are chairs, tables, a good straw carpet, and a bed 
made np as well as any you ever slept in. But these fine 
bedrooms and the parlor are for guests. The people who 
own the houses do not care to use them. 

A WILD FLOWER. 

Did you ever see a cactus called the Night-blooming 
Cereus ? In Hawaii there are a great many of them. A 
wall around the college grounds in Honolulu is covered 
with these cacti. 




N1GHT-BL003IING CEREUS. 



HAWAII. 215 

Some evening when it is time for tlie buds to open we 
will watcli them. The buds tremble in the moonlight as 
if there was a little fairy inside making ready to come out. 
We watch closely, but the buds open so quickly and quietly 
that we are surprised every time. If a little fairy was in the 
flower she has slipped away on a moonbeam before we 
could see her. The flowers have large, soft, white petals. A 
sweet smell fills the air as they open. They are so beau- 
tiful we like to play that there really was a tiny fairy in 
each one. We like to think that a moonbeam coaxed her 
away to bathe in the dewdrops and play among the ferns 
and grasses. We can play that, when daylight comes, the 
merry sunbeams touch the little ladies from the flowers 
with magic wands and turn them all into butterflies. 

THE SUEF BOATS. 

Each canoe is made out of one log. The men of Hawaii 
do not know how to steam their canoes and stretch them 
as the Alaskans do. The canoes are so narrow that they 
must have outriggers. An outrigger is a frame fastened 
to the side of a boat to help balance it. 

All around the islands are rough coral reefs. Some day 
we wdll read about the coral. These reefs make the waves 
dash up so high that it is sometimes hard for small steam- 
ers to come to the wharfs. Then the men go out and 
bring the people to land in their little boats. 

These men know just how to let the great waves catch 
their boats and take them toward the land. If you were 



216 AROUND THE WORLD. 

watching you would tHnk tlie little boats would be crushed 
by the great waves. But these men know how to manage 
boats in rough water. When the waves are highest these 
men like best to be on the water. 

A LUAU OR PICOTO. 

Will you come to our picnic ? 

In Hawaii we call it a " luau." You may help us get 
the feast ready if you like. Here are the mats made of 
grass. We will spread them on the ground. The men 
will hang larger grass mats up to make a tent, for the sun 
is very hot. 

We will bring all the vines and ferns and flowers we 
can carry from the woods. The grass mat on the ground 
is our tablecloth. We will make table mats of ferns and 
put pretty vines all around the edge. Do you see how 
the men have trimmed the poles of our tent with vines ? 
We love to have flowers around us. 

Would you like to know what we shall eat at this feast ? 
We shall have poi, roast pig, roast beef, sweet potatoes, 
shrimps, raw meat and flsh, cocoanut pudding, watermel- 
ons, oranges, bananas, mangoes, alligator pears, and pa- 
paias. We may have fresh moss to eat Avith our salted 
kukui nuts. 

Over there the men are making an oven in which the 
meat and fish will be roasted. We call the oven an "imu." 
They build a great fire in a deep hole and heat some 
stones very hot. When the wood has all burned away, 
the hot stones are taken out with a hoe. 



HAWAII. 217 

Other people have been cutting up the meat and fish. 
They have put first the fresh taro and then the tough ki 
leaves around each bundle. Some wet banana leaves will 
be put over the fire in the imu. Then these bundles of 
meat will be put in. More wet banana leaves will be 
dropped in ; then the very hot stones will be put over 
them. The stones will be covered with more leaves and 
the hole will be filled with dirt. 

The heat in the stones will cook the meat; the wet 
leaves will steam and make it tender. The top leaves will 
keep the dirt from the bundles, and the dirt will keep the 
heat in the oven. 

It is one o'clock in the afternoon now ; at six o'clock 
our dinner will be cooked. A little bundle of meat and 
one of fish will be given to each person at the feast. You 
untie your bundle and eat the meat with your fingers. 
You will like the taro leaves, for they taste of the juice 
of the meat. You may not care to eat raw fish. 

Perhaps you will not know how to eat poi and cocoanut 
pudding without a spoon. We dip it from the bowls and 
toss it into our mouths with the two first fingers of the 
right hand. No one ever has a spoon or a fork at a luau. 
But every one is glad to be here. We think it is the best 
kind of a picnic in the world. 



218 



AROUND THE WORLD. 



A ROYAL FEATHER CLOAK. 



Long ago tlie people of Hawaii believed many strange 
tMngs. They tliought that a king must have a royal 
cloak made of certain feathers. These feathers grew on 
a bird called the mamo. 

Each bird had but two feathers of this kind — one under 
each wing. How many birds must have been caught 
before one of these cloaks could be made ! Sometimes 
the mamo were set free after the two yellow feathers had 
been taken. 

The little feathers were fastened into a strong piece of 

canvas. They made 
the canvas look as 
smooth and fine as yel- 
low plush. This cloak 
was a yard and a half 
long and four 3^ards 
wide at the bottom. 
You can see it in 
our museum when you 
come to Hawaii. 

The people thought, 
too, that a chief's bones 
made the best fish- 
hooks. Some chiefs 
did not like to think 
that their bones would 
be made into fish-hooks 




KUYAL CLOAK OF HAWAII. 



HAWAII. 219 

after they were dead. One cliief, called Pae, said, " I do 
not wish my bones made into arrows or into fish-hooks." 

Two of his strong men said they would hide his body 
where no one could find it. After the chief was dead 
they wrapped him in his feather cloak and hid him in a 
deep cave. But some one found the bones and made a 
large hook of the thigh bone. They say the fish would 
come to this hook before it was baited. You can see the 
hook, too, in our museum. 

PLANTING SUGAR CANE. 

These men are planting sugar cane. Are their bags full 
of seed ? No, they are planting pieces about a foot long 
cut from the cane near the top. 

They will plant these cuttings in the ditches. The 
ditches run across a very wide field. They were made 
with a fine steam plow like those used on our very large 
farms. Americans own many of these sugar fields, and 
they use the very best plows or cultivators that they can 
buy. 

After the cuttings are covered over mth earth they will 
soon begin to grow. But the cane will not be ready to 
cut for a year and a half. Sugar cane grows wild in 
Hawaii. 

The people once used the cane just as it grew. About 
sixty years ago a man made a large cane farm. He 
brought cuttings from the best cane in the world and 
planted them in his garden. He dug ditches across the 



330 AROUND THE WORLD. 

farm and turned water into them, so that the cane need 
not be thirsty. He kept the weeds away. 

Soon he had a very fine field of cane. He ground the 
cane in a mill and boiled out the sugar. When he sold 
the sugar, people said it was the best they had ever tasted. 
Next year the man had a larger farm and made much 
money. Since that time many people have planted sugar 
cane fields in Hawaii. 

CUTTING THE SUGAR CANE. 

The sugar cane is ripe. It looks like a field of tall corn. 
The long rows of silvery tassels wave on the tops of the 
cane. A hundred men will come to cut the cane. They 
must cut it very near the roots, for the' part nearest the 
ground has the most sugar in it. 

When it is all cut down it is taken to the mill. Every 
man who owns a large field of cane has a mill in which it 
can be ground. Men are sent to lay a railway on top of 
the ground. This railway is not fastened down. It is 
made so that it can be moved easily. One day it is put 
around one side of the field ; the next day it is taken up 
and laid on the other side so that it can be used there. It 
is called a portable railway. Cars are run over this rail- 
way. They are filled with cane, and then run back over 
the railway to the mill. 

The cane must be ground very soon after it is cut. The 
cars are run so fast that they sometimes run off the rails 
and tip over. Away go the great loads of stalks ! But 



HAWAII. 221 



the men put the rails back, set the cars on them, fill them 
again, and go on as fast as ever. 

The cars are drawn by a small steam engine. The 
owners ride about the fields on their horses to keep the 




HABVESTING SUGAR CANE. 



men at work, so that the cane will not spoil before it is 
ground. 

Some of the men own only small fields and cannot afford 
to buy railways. They send their cane from the field to 
the mill on carts. 

Sometimes the carts are drawn by horses. Sometimes 
the carts are very large and are drawn by eighteen or 



232 AROUND THE WORLD. 

twenty young oxen. These young oxen are driven very 
fast by men who ride beside them on horseback. 

If you meet two or three of these great carts coming 
down the road, you would better drive into some field and 
hold your horse until they have gone past. 

The cane tops are cut off and left in the field. The 
roots are left in the ground. They will soon send up 
sprouts or suckers, from which next year's field of cane 
will grow. 

EAISIISTG TAEO. 

Did you taste of the poi at our picnic ? Those of us 
who have always lived in Hawaii like poi better than 
anything else we have to eat. 

Poi is made of a root. The root comes from a plant 
which grows in the water. It is called the taro plant. I 
think you have seen plants growing in ponds in America 
which look much like our taro. 

Would you like to know how we help the taro to grow ? 
First we make a bed of rich, soft mud in our garden. It 
need not be very large. Enough taro will grow on an 
acre of ground to last our family of eight all the year. 

After we have made the garden bed we build a wall of 
earth all around it. Only one gate is left in the wall. In 
the soft mud we make hills, and in them plant ]3ieces 
from the top of ripe taro root, very much as you plant 
potato eyes in potato hills. - 

After the roots are planted we let water run into the 



HAWAII. 



333 




-^^^^^^ j-.^^^^ 




- -''s*- .V- 










BEATING THE TARO PLANT INTO FLOUK OR POI. 



gate we left in the earth wall. The trenches must be kept 
full of water until the root is ripe — a whole year or more. 

We like to plant taro at different times in the year, so 
that we may always have some fresh taro ready for use. 

The taro yields us more food to a given space of land 
than any other crop, and it is very profitable. 

We like the root boiled, baked, or fried, but we like it 
best when it is made into poi. If you boil the young 
leaves they taste like spinach. 



334 AROUND THE WORLD. 

MAKING POI. 

We tliink we must liave poi to eat every day. It is hard, 
to make poi. We can have all the fruit and berries we 
wish without much labor. We can swim out on the waves 
and catch fish in our hands, but we like poi to eat with 
them. 

The men always made it, but now they often hire the 
Chinese to do it for them. A Chinaman will work all day 
for very little money. 

If we make our poi ourselves, we bake the roots first and 
then scrape them. Then we make a paste. 

The paste is set away to rise over night ; then we mix 
enough water with it to make a porridge, and our poi ib 
ready for use. j 

No one is made sick by eating poi. In one of our cities 
there is a large mill where taro flour is m^ade. This flour 
is sold to the people of the United States. They make it 
into cakes, and muffins, and puddings. It is very good for 
sick people. 

Some day more people in the United States may buy our 
taro flour. Our people have lived on poi for hundreds of 
years. 

EIOE FIELDS. 

Many Chinese have come to Hawaii to live. Do you 
know what food the Chinese like best? Yes, it is rice. 
Men who own rice fields always hire Chinamen to work 
in them. Nearly all the work in a rice field must be done 



HAWAII. 



225 



by men standing in the water. Only Chinamen are will- 
ing to do this. 

One small field is sown with rice seed, and the water 
is allowed to run over it. When the plants are six 




KICE FIELD, HAWAU. 



inches high the water is let out. The little plants are 
then pulled up and planted a few inches apart in the 
large field. 

The little plants are tied up in great bales. The China- 
men carry the bales on their backs and plant the sprouts 
in the mud under the water, in the larger fields. 

After the rice is well started, fresh water must be 
15 



226 AROUND THE WORLD. 

turned into the fields every day. The water comes from 
the hills in ditches which must be dug for it. 

Rice will ripen in six months. After the little kernels 
begin to grow, so many small birds come to eat them that 
they would all be destroyed if the Chinamen did not 
frighten them away. It is very funny to see them wad- 
ing up and down the rice swamps in their queer round 
hats, beating drums, firing crackers, and shooting at the 
little bird robbers. 

When the rice is grown, the water is turned off, and 
the rice-straw left for a little while to ripen in the sun. 
Then the Chinamen come and cut the rice with sickles. 

After it has dried in the sun for a day it is tied up in 
bundles. A bundle is hung on each end of a stick. Each 
stick is lifted to the shoulder of a Chinaman. Then 
twenty or thirty of them go in a long line at a sort 
of dog-trot to the threshing floor, which may be half a 
mile away. 

Chinamen like to do all the work on a rice field in their 
own way. They do not care for carts or railways to help 
them carry home their rice. 

They do much of their work in the hardest way, but 
they raise very good rice. Thousands of dollars' worth 
of rice are sent from Hawaii to the United States every 
year, and the Chinamen raise nearly all of it. 



SEP 26 li^as 



